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2U1 Grammar and usage
Present perfect tense & Present perfect continuous tense
一、現(xiàn)在完成時
1、構(gòu)成 have/has done
2、用法
I表示過去發(fā)生的事對現(xiàn)在具有影響。
1）Justin has disappeared, so elly is very sad.
2）The boy is happy. He has caught a bird.
II表示過去開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或者還將持續(xù)下去。
1）I have not seen Justin since Last Friday night.
2) Daniel has lived in Beijing since he came to China.
III表示動作的確切時間不明確或不重要。此時下列詞匯經(jīng)常和現(xiàn)在完成時連用：already, ever, never, for, just, lately/ recently, since, yet。
1）The boy has already come home.
2）I haven’t heard anything from him yet.
其中，for + 一段時間，since + 某個時間點。
e.g. We haven’t seen him for two days. We haven’t seen him since last onday.
IV表示到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時間內(nèi)重復(fù)的動作。
1）Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times.
2）I have advised him to give up smoking many times, but he just won’t listen to me.
V 現(xiàn)在完成時還可用于下列句型中：
This/It is the best/ finest/ most interesting … + that- clause,
This/It is the first/ second… time + that- clause, that 從句中的謂語動詞一般用現(xiàn)在完成時。
It is/ has been a period of time since + 一般過去時
1）This is the best book that I have read.
2）It is the first time that I have seen the film.
3）It is/ has been a long time since I came to Wuxi.
3、注意
1）現(xiàn)在完成時不和明確的表示時間的詞連用，如yesterday, last week, in 1976等。
2）表示短暫意義的動詞，如begin, leave, arrive, return, stop, open, go, come, die等，不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。
* Read the following sentences and say T or F .
(1) He has come to Beijing since last year. F
(2) He has been here for three years. T
(3) He has joined the army for three years F
(4) He has been a solider for 3 years. T
(5) It is 3 years since he joined the army. T
(6) He has joined the army. T
二、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時
1、構(gòu)成 have/has been doing
e.g. I haven’t been sleeping well since I returned home.
2、用法
表示動作從過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能剛剛停止，也可能仍然在進(jìn)行。
1）-- Sorry, I’m late. Have you been waiting long?
-- Yes. I have been waiting (wait) for an hour.
2) She is very tired. She has been working (work) all morning.
3) The man started working in the field half an hour ago. He is still working no
The man has been working (work) in the field for half an hour.
4) The boy started having dinner five minutes ago. He is still having dinner no
The boy has been having (have) dinner since five minutes ago.
3、注意
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時多用持續(xù)性動詞，如do, live, learn, lie, stay, wait, stand, study等，
常和all the time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等表示現(xiàn)在之前這一段時間的狀語以及since和 for引導(dǎo)的時間狀語或從句連用。
e.g. He has been watching television all day.
I have been learning English for three years.
She’s been playing tennis since she was eight.
This whole week, he has been training some new employees.
He has been smoking too much recently.
三、現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的比較
1、現(xiàn)在完成時表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成的動作，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果；而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性，強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直”，往往表示動作仍未結(jié)束。
I have been reading this novel. 我一直在讀這本小說。（書不一定看完）
I have read two novels. 我已讀過兩本小說。（動作已完成）
I have been writing letters. 我一直都在寫信。
I have written three letters. 我已經(jīng)寫完三封信了。
2、有些動詞如study, work, live用兩種時態(tài)都可以，意思差別不大。
I have lived here since 1990. / I have been living here since 1990.
They have studied the problem for quite some time. / They have been studying the problem for quite some time.
3、有些動詞動詞本身表示一種持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，一般不用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，如be, know, love, remember, understand, see, like, last。
I’ve known him for many years.
They have not seen each other for a long time.
The war has lasted for a long time.
動詞填空
1. How long ______ you _____________ (do) this work? (have, been waiting)
2. There you are. I _________________ (wait) for an hour. (have been waiting)
3. Why are your clothes so dirty? What ______ you ___________ (do)? (have, done)
4. There ______________ (be) two world wars in the past hundred years. (have, been)
5. He _____ never _________ (drive) a car before. (has, driven)
6. We _____________________ (marry) for three years. (have been married)
7. --- ______ you _________ (find) your dog? (Have, found) --- No.
8. I ______________ (not see) Lucy since last Friday night. (haven’t seen)
9. We _________________ (fish) all afternoon, but we _____________ (not catch) any fish yet. (have been fishing; haven’t caught)
10. This is the most interesting film I __________________ (see). (have seen)

鞏固練習(xí)
1.Now that she is out of job, Lucy _____B___ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. had considered B. has been considering
C. considered D. is going to consider
2.The crazy fans __B_______ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.
A. were waiting B. had been waiting C had waited D. would wait.
3.The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I __C___ before.
A. was having B. have C. have ever had D. had ever had
4.Listen to the two girls by the windo What language ___C___ ?
A. did they speak B. were they speaking
C. are they speaking D. have they been speaking
5.He ___D____ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned
6.By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _C____ for London to attend a meeting.
A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left
7.Father __D___ for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.
A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left
8.illions of pounds’ worth of damage _A___ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.
A. has been caused B. had been caused
C. will be caused D. will have been caused
9.y brother is an actor. He ___C_____ in several films so far.
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
10.The country life he was used to _B_____ greatly since 1992.
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
11.--- Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
--- Oh! I thought they __C______ without me.
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
12.Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _C___ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill.
A. showed B. will show C. has shown D. is showing
13.--- Is Bob still performing?
--- I’m afraid not. He is said _A___ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
14. Unfortunately, when I got there, she __D___, so we had only time for a feords.
A. just leftB. had just left C. has just left D. was just leaving
15.The weather makes so much trouble. It __C____ every day so far this week.
A. will rain B. rainsC. has rainedD. rained
16.The last time I __D____ Jane, she ______cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked
C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking
17. Ann __A____ me her address but I’m afraid I ______ it.
A. gave; have lostB. had given; have lost
C. gives; lost D. had given; lost
18.—You may find the key to the maths problem on page 10.
—Ah, it’s so simple. I wonder why I __C____ of that.
A. hadn’t thoughtB. haven’t thought C. didn’t thinkD. wouldn’t think
19.—I heard the peasants here ___C___ very poor in the past.
—Yes, but there ______ great changes in the past few years.
A. have been; have been B. have been; were
C. were; have been D. were; were
20.According to the timetable, the plane for shanghai _A_____at seven.
A. leaves B. has left C. left D. will leave
21.—What were you doing when the telephone rang?
—I __A______ away my books and __________ to bed.
A.had just put; was going B. was just putting; went
C. just put; had gone D. have just put; gone
22.—Have you finished your homework, ary?
—No, I _____C_____ my mother in the kitchen all day yesterday.
A. would help B. had helped C. was helping D. used to help
23.You shouldn’t go anywhere; the train__B____.
A. will leave B. is leaving C. leaves D. is to leave
24.He D___ articles for our wall newspaper these years, and he ___ about thirty articles.
A. has written, has written B. has been writing, wrote
C. is writing, has been written D. has been writing, has written
25.Tom was disappointed that most of guests _D____when he ______at the party.
A. left, had arrived B. had left, had arrived
C. left, arrived D. had left, arrived

高考鏈接
1. — I’m sure Andreill win the first prize in the final.
— I think so. He ___D_____ for it for months. (2008江蘇)
A. is preparing B. was preparing
C. had been preparing D. has been preparing
2. By the time he realizes he _____D____ into a trap, it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it. (2008東)
A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked
3. So far this year we _D_ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.
A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen (08福建)
4. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she __D___ English for a year. (2007湖南)
A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying
5. Danny __C__ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. (2007福建)
A. works B. is working C. has worked D. had worked
6. —I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You ______C___ in front of that computer too long. (2007江西)
A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked
7. The unemployment rate in this district ____A___ from 6% to 5% in the past two years. (2007上海)
A. has fallen B. had fallen C. is falling D. was falling
8. Now that she is out of job, Lucy _B__ going back to school，but she hasn’t decided yet.(北京)
A. had considered B. has been considering
C. considered D. is going to consider
9. —_A_____ you ______ him around the museum yet? (2007江蘇)
—Yes. We had a great time there.
A. Have ; shown B. Do ; show C. Had; shown D. Did; show
10. —Hi, Tracy，you look pale.
—I am tired. I ___C____ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted

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