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本文題目：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全
詞法
第1章 主謂一致
一.概念:
主謂一致是指：
1) 語(yǔ)法形式上要一致，即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語(yǔ)要一致。
2) 意義上要一致，即主語(yǔ)意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。
3) 就近原則，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ)，
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
There is much water in the thermos.
但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，例如：
Reading and writing are very important. 讀寫(xiě)很重要。
注意：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。例如：
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 鋼鐵工業(yè)對(duì)我們的生活有重要意義。
典型例題
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注： 先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)，先排除A.，C。本題易誤選D，因?yàn)門(mén)he League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人，但仔細(xì)辨別，monitor 前沒(méi)有the，在英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語(yǔ)為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B。
2. 主謂一致中的靠近原則
1)當(dāng)there be 句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。例如：
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書(shū)。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十個(gè)男孩，二十三個(gè)女孩。
2)當(dāng)either... or... 與neither... nor，連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo)，而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。例如：
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 給你筆、信封和紙。
3.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞組成的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)部分一致。例如：
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。
4. 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)的情況
1)代詞each以及由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，或主語(yǔ)中含有each, every時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)。例如：
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我們每人都有錄音機(jī)。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表壞了。
2)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是一本書(shū)或一條格言時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例如：
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜譚》是英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者熟悉的一本書(shū)。
3)表示金錢(qián)，時(shí)間，價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。例如：
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三個(gè)星期來(lái)做準(zhǔn)備。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元夠了。
5.指代意義決定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)
1)代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例如：
All is right. 一切順利。
All are present. 人都到齊了。
2)集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的意思來(lái)決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員，用單數(shù)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)該集體的整體。例如：
His family isn't very large. 他家成員不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家個(gè)個(gè)都是音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者。
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
Are there any police around? 附近有警察嗎?
3)有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù)，有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致的情況
1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如：
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的錢(qián)化在書(shū)上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分學(xué)生積極參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。
2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒體報(bào)道了一連串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 爐邊有一堆木柴。
3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than... of 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如：
Many a person has read the novel. 許多人讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生來(lái)自這個(gè)城市。
三.鞏固練習(xí)
( ) 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was
C. was, were D. were, were
( ) 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played
C. are playing D. play
( ) 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
( ) 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems
C. seemed D. are seemed
( ) 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.
A. has B. have
C. is having D. are having'
( ) 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
( )7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has been D. have been
( )8. When ______ the United Nations founded?
A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )9. Every possible means _____ .
A. has tried B. has been tried
C. was tried D. were tried
( ) 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.
A. was B. were C. has D. have
( )11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
( )12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It's a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
C. but my friends has D. but I have
( )13. No teacher and no student ______.
A. are admitted B. is admitted
C. are admitting D. is admitting
( )14. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
( )15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
( ) 16. The writer and singer ______ here.
A. is B. are C. were D. do
( ) 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
( ) 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
( ) 19. -- ____ your clothes?
--No, mine _____ hanging over there.
A. Is it, is B. Are these, are
C. Is it, are D. Are these, is
( ) 20. The Smith's family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses.
A. were, were B. was, was
C. were, was D. was, were
( ) 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.
A. are, are B. is, is
C. are, is D. is, are
( ) 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
( ) 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.
A. Each, are B. Both, is
C. Neither, are D. None, is
( ) 24. -- What do you think of the ______ of the coat?
-- It's rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.
A. value B. cost C. price D. use
( ) 25. -- Are the two answers correct?
-- No, ______ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not
C. neither is D. either is not
( ) 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.
A. have been B. was
C. / D/ are
四.答案
1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B
第2章 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
一. 概念:
時(shí)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài).英語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式本身的變化來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的.英語(yǔ)有16種時(shí)態(tài),但中學(xué)階段較常用的有十種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過(guò)去時(shí),一般將來(lái)時(shí),過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí),英在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí).
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every..., sometimes, at..., on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開(kāi)家。
2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國(guó)東部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái) ?/p>
注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。
4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法
1)在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?
2)表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那時(shí)，布朗一家無(wú)論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。
3)句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到......時(shí)間了" "該......了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺(jué)了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該......了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺(jué)了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來(lái)吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義：她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)
注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。
1)動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車(chē)，能借用一些嗎?
3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1) shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎?
2) be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)。
a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開(kāi)播。
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云，快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。
4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
4. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)
1)下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)，主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車(chē)明天上午六點(diǎn)開(kāi)。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車(chē)什么時(shí)候開(kāi)?十分鐘后。
2)以here, there等開(kāi)始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車(chē)來(lái)了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如：
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比爾來(lái)后，讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫(xiě)信給你。
4)在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開(kāi)心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開(kāi)房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。
5. 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)
下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎?
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have (has) +過(guò)去分詞。
7. 比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week，...ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了)
I have seen this film. (強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng))
He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。
(錯(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
8. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that...結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問(wèn)這城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that...結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。
9.過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1) 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去
--------------------------> 其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過(guò)巴黎。
b. 狀語(yǔ)從句
在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>
c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本...，未能..."。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái)，但是你沒(méi)有來(lái)。
3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說(shuō)過(guò)他以前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛(ài)迪生開(kāi)始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。
10. 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來(lái)。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。
2 ) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.將來(lái)完成時(shí)
1) 構(gòu)成will have done
2) 概念
a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。
b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了
12現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：
a. 表示現(xiàn)在(指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫(xiě)另一部小說(shuō)。(說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫(xiě)，只處于寫(xiě)作的狀態(tài)。)
c. 表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來(lái)越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
13. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1)概念：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。
2)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景;一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。
3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車(chē)時(shí)摔了下來(lái)，受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開(kāi)車(chē)站時(shí)，正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達(dá)山頂時(shí)，陽(yáng)光燦爛。
14. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
1) 概念：表示將來(lái)某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測(cè)將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。例如：
She'll be coming soon. 她會(huì)很快來(lái)的。
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 將來(lái)我一定去見(jiàn)他。
注意：將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說(shuō) I'll be having a talk with her.
2)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此時(shí)，我正躺在海灘上呢。
15. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。
16. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般過(guò)去時(shí)
1 ) "書(shū)上說(shuō)"，"報(bào)紙上說(shuō)"等。例如：
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 報(bào)紙上說(shuō)明天會(huì)很冷的。
2) 敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。例如：
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破侖的軍隊(duì)正在向前挺進(jìn)，大戰(zhàn)開(kāi)始了
17. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1) 有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)了他將去倫敦。
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2) 用句型 " It is ... since..."代替"It has been ... since ..."。例如：
It is (= has been) five years since we last met. 從我們上次見(jiàn)面以來(lái)，五年過(guò)去了。
18. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
在Here comes.../There goes...等句型里，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：
There goes the bell. 鈴響了。
19. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)
1) 表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。例如：
Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我們一起度周末好嗎?
We are leaving soon. 我們馬上就走。
2) 漸變動(dòng)詞，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬間動(dòng)詞die等。例如：
He is dying. 他要死了。
20.時(shí)態(tài)一致
1) 如果從句所敘述的為真理或相對(duì)不變的事實(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那時(shí)，人們不知道地球是動(dòng)的。
He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告訴我他十八歲了。
2) 賓語(yǔ)從句中的，助動(dòng)詞ought, need, must, dare 的時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。例如：
He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他認(rèn)為我不必告訴你真相。
三.鞏固練習(xí):
1、I' ll give the book to him as soon as he ________ back.
2、Has the baby ________ crying yet? (stop)
3、I don' t know whether Mother __________ me to Beijing next month.(take)
4、She _______ on her coat and went out. (put)
5、 "What are they doing?" "They __________ ready for the sports meeting." (get)
6、The boy asked his mother ________him go and play basketball.(let)
7、I'm sorry to keep you ____________ for a long time. (wait)
8、It ________ (take) him half an hour _______ (finish) his homework yesterday.
9、If it ________ an interesting film, we'll see it tomorrow. (be)
10、They usually ________ (do) their homework after supper.
11、Listen! Who _____________(sing) in the next room now?
12、__________(be) your parents in Shanghai last year?
13、Mr. Yu _____________(teach) us maths since 1982.
14、They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _________ (not rain) tomorrow.
15、Li Ming often _________ (listen) to the radio in the morning.
16、A: "Father, may I go out and play football?" B: "_____you ____(do) your homework?"
17、All the people in the town are glad ______(hear) that a famous musician ___ a concert this Saturday evening.( give)
18、Our teacher told us if it _____(not snow) we would visit the Science Museum the next day.
19、They often _______ (play) football in the afternoon.
20、A: What're you doing Dad? B: I _______ (mend) the radio.
21、Let's _______(carry) the boxes to the house.
22、Yesterday she ______ (want) very much to see the film, but she couldn't __(get) a ticket.
23、I _________(write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
24、Mike ___________(visit) several places since he came to Beijing.
25、He ___________ (write) four letters to his wife every month.
26、Don' t make any noise, Grandma ___________ (sleep).
27、His aunt ___________ (do) some cooking when he came in .
28、When they ___________ (reach) the station, the train had already left.
29、There ___________ (be) a meeting next Monday.
30、We ___________ (know) each other since our boyhood..
31、Sometimes my father ___________ (come) back home late.
32、They ___________ (have) an English evening next week.
33、I'm very glad___________ (hear) that.
34、Wei Fang isn't here. She ___________ (go) to the reading-room.
35、The story ___________ (happen) long ago.
36、They ___________ (visit) the History Museum last week.
37、Zhang Hong ___________ (make) many friends since she came to Paris.
38、She ___________ (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
39、Stay here, bag. Don't go out. It ___________(rain) now.
40、Li Ping___________ (write) a composition every week.
41、The scientist ___________ (give) us a talk yesterday.
42、My parents ___________ (live) in Beijing since 1949.
43、Look! The young worker___________ (show) the students around the factory now.
44、They ___________ (build) a new bridge over the river next year.
45、The students___________ (clean) their classroom tomorrow.
46、The windows of our lab ___________ (clean) once a week.
47、Our teacher ___________ (join) the party twenty years ago.
48、The boys___________ (have) a basketball match now. Let's ___(go) and _____(watch).
49、She___________ (work) in this factory for ten years.
50、 "What makes you ___________ (think) I'm a farmer?" the Frenchman asked.
四.答案
1. comes
2. stopped
3. will take
4. put
5. are getting
6. to let
7. waiting
8. took ... to finish
9. is
10. do
11. is singing
12. Was
13. has taught
14. doesn't rain
15. listens
16. Have ... done
17. to hear ... will give
18. didn't snow
19. play
20. am mending
21. carry
22. wanted , get
23. will write
24. has visited
25. writes
26. is sleeping
27. was doing
28. reached
29. will be
30. have known
31. comes
32. will have
33. to hear
34. has gone
35. happened
36. visited
37. has made
38. will go
39. is raining
40. writes
41. gave
42. have lived
43. is showing
44. will build
45. will clean
46. is cleaned
47. joined
48. are having, go ... watch
49. has worked
think
第三章 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
一.概念:
動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間語(yǔ)法或語(yǔ)義的關(guān)系.英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用于主動(dòng)句,表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用于被動(dòng)句,表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式與動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)相同,而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由 助動(dòng)詞be+過(guò)去分詞 構(gòu)成,有人稱,數(shù),時(shí)態(tài)的變化.
二. 相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1. let 的用法
1)當(dāng)let后只有一個(gè)單音節(jié)動(dòng)詞，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可用不帶to 的不定式。例如：
They let the strange go.他們放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2)當(dāng)let 后賓補(bǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，let 通常不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而用allow或permit 代替。例如：
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那護(hù)士讓我去探望住院的同學(xué)。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
2.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如：
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顧。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 這樣的事聞所未聞。
3. 表示"據(jù)說(shuō)"或"相信" 的詞組，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等組成。例如：
It is said that... 據(jù)說(shuō)
It is reported that... 據(jù)報(bào)道
It is believed that... 大家相信
It is hoped that... 大家希望
It is well known that... 眾所周知
It is thought that... 大家認(rèn)為
It is suggested that... 據(jù)建議
It is taken granted that... 被視為當(dāng)然
It has been decided that... 大家決定
It must be remember that... 務(wù)必記住的是
4. 不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況
1) 不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等沒(méi)有無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火過(guò)后，我家燒得所剩無(wú)幾。
比較：rise, fall, happen是不及物動(dòng)詞;raise, seat是及物動(dòng)詞。
要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問(wèn)題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中多留意積累。
2) 不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：
This key just fits the lock. 這把鑰匙只配這把鎖。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你說(shuō)的與我們聽(tīng)說(shuō)的一致。
3) 系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 聽(tīng)上去不錯(cuò)。
4) 帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了個(gè)惡夢(mèng)。
5) 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
(對(duì)) She likes to swim.
(錯(cuò)) To swim is liked by her.
5. 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：
The book sells well. 這本書(shū)銷路好。
This knife cuts easily. 這刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：
I was to blame for the accident. 事故發(fā)生了，我該受指責(zé)。
Much work remains. 還有許多活要干。
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容詞), deserve后的動(dòng)名詞必須用主動(dòng)形式。例如：
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 門(mén)該修了。
This book is worth reading. 這本書(shū)值得一讀。
4)特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：make sb. heard / understood (使別人能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/理解自己)等。例如：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解釋清楚些，讓別人理解你的話。
6. 被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等。例如：
He is graduated from a famous university. 他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。
注意：表示同某人結(jié)婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：
He married a rich girl. 他與一個(gè)富妞結(jié)婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
7.need/want/require/worth
當(dāng) need, want, require, be worth后面接doing時(shí)，表示的是被動(dòng)意義。例如：
Your hair wants cutting. 你的頭發(fā)該理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要沖洗。
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1. I___________ (teach) here for ten years since I finished school.
2. Would you mind me __________ (use) your bike?
3. The students of Class Two___________ (sweep) their classroom now.
4. The Whites____________ (not listen) to the radio at that time.
5. It's better to give than__________ (receive).
6. How long ______you_______ (live) in this town?
7. You _______ (come) here last year, ______ you?
8. ----When ______ you______ (see) him?
----I______ (see) him last Sunday.
9. She said that the car___________ (use) the next week.
10. I didn't know what __________ (happen) to China in a century.
11. When I got to the station, the train ____ already ______ (leave).
12. The stone bridge______________ (build) in our hometown for ten years.
13. The desk must ______ (clean) once a day.
14. The dog _________ (lie) on the floor when I came in..
15. It _________(rain) heavily when I got home.
16. Her mother____________ (cook) at this time yesterday.
17. The students _____________ (do) their homework. __________ (not make) any noise!
18. ----______ you ever_______ (be) to Beijing? ----Yes. I________ (go) there last week.
19. He'll telephone us as soon as he _________ (arrive) there.
20. Jiefang trucks____________ (make) in Changchun.
21. A pen is used for__________ (write).
22. All that must ________ (do).
23 .My friend can't decide which pair of trousers____________ (choose). So she asked me to go shopping with her.
24. They find it useful__________ (learn) English.
25. The old man often_________ (tell) the children a story in the evening. This evening he ________ (tell) two stories.
26. The radio__________ (use) once in a week in our class. It____________ (not use) yesterday because there was something wrong with it.
27. Would please tell us how___________ (make) the watch ________ (work)?
28. She doesn't know what_________ (do) and where__________ (go).
四.答案
1. have taught
2. using
3. are sweeping
4. weren't listening
5. to receive
6. have ... lived
7. came ... didn't
8. did ... see, saw
9. would be used
10. would happen
11. had ... left
12. have been built
13. be cleaned
14. was lying
15. was raining
16. was cooking
17. are doing, Don't make
18. have ... beeen, went
19. arrives
20. are made
21. writing
22. be done
23. to choose
24. to learn
25. tells, will tell
第四章 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣
一.概念
語(yǔ)氣有三種:陳述語(yǔ)氣,祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣.語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)勸詞所示示的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)持有的態(tài)度或看法.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.辨別if 引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句和if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句的區(qū)別
If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.
If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.
2.虛擬條件句中主句和從句的謂與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成形式如下表
if條件句中的謂與動(dòng)詞
主句的謂與動(dòng)詞
與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反
1. 行為動(dòng)詞用did 形式
2. be動(dòng)詞用were
should
would
could + 動(dòng)詞原形
might
與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反
had + done
should
would
could + have + done
might
與將來(lái)的事實(shí)相反
1. 行為動(dòng)詞用did
2. should + 動(dòng)詞原形
3. were to + 動(dòng)詞原形
should
would
could + 動(dòng)詞原形
might
3.混合時(shí)間的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
如果條件句中的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)分別根據(jù)各自所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。
1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.
2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.
3)If he had followed the doctor's advice, he would be all right now.
4)If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.
4.should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示"過(guò)去本應(yīng)該/可以做而實(shí)際上卻沒(méi)做"
needn't have done 表示"過(guò)去沒(méi)必要作而實(shí)際上做了"
5.虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的倒裝句
如果虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中含有were, had, could, should，有時(shí)可將if省去，而將條件從句的主語(yǔ)置于were, had, should, could 之后。
Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.
Were I you, I would do more practice after class.
Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
6.wish 后面的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣， 表示"可惜...;....就好了; 悔不該...; 但愿...。"
主句謂語(yǔ)
從句謂語(yǔ)
wish
時(shí)態(tài)
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式
現(xiàn)在時(shí)
表示與wish同時(shí)發(fā)生
動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)
be動(dòng)詞用were
過(guò)去時(shí)
表示在wish之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
動(dòng)詞用had done
be用had been
將來(lái)時(shí)
表示在wish之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
動(dòng)詞用would do; should do
be 用 would be ; should be
1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.
2)I wish I were ten years younger.
3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.
4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.
5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.
7.表示命令或建議動(dòng)詞suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的賓語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬 should +動(dòng)詞原形; should 不可用would 來(lái)替代; 主句所使用的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不限。
8.suggest 為"建議去做...; 命令..."從句用should + do
為" 說(shuō)明; 暗示", 從句用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
1) The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.
2) The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
9.insist "堅(jiān)持要去做...，堅(jiān)持應(yīng)該去做"，從句用should + do為"堅(jiān)持表明，堅(jiān)持說(shuō)/解釋"， 從句用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
10.虛擬語(yǔ)氣也用于表語(yǔ)從句和主語(yǔ)從句中，表示間接的命令、要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等，主句的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是should +動(dòng)詞原型，should 可以省略。
11.在主語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)從句用來(lái)表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜等，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用需擬語(yǔ)氣形式。其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)should + 動(dòng)詞原型， 或should 省略。
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _________ much easier.
A. will be B. would have been
C. could have been D. would be
2. If I _____ you, I'd join the army.
A. am B. was C. were D. would be
3. If he _______ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office.
A. comes B. will come C. should come D. come
4. If it _______ next week , the crops would be saved.
A. rains B. will rains C. would rain D. should rain
5. If I _______ it, I would do it in a different way.
A. were to do B. do C. had done D. was to do
6. Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would you go ?
A. is B. will be C. were D. be
7. If he had worked harder, he _________.
A. would succeed B. had succeeded
C. should succeed D. would have succeeded
8. If he ________, he _________ that food.
A. was warned; would not take
B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken
D. would have been warned; had not taken
9. If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday, he _______ me from going.
A. had been; would have prevented
B. had been; would prevent
C. were; would prevent
D. were; would have prevented
10. If he ______ it, he _______ it.
A. had seen; could have believed B. saw; couldn't believe
C. saw; couldn't have believed D. has seen; had believed
11. -Do you think the thief entered through the window?
-No, if he had, I don't believe, _______ broken the living-room's window.
A. he would have B. he must have
C. he had D. should he have
12. -Did you go swimming last Sunday?
-No. We would have gone ______ nicer.
A. if the weather was
B. would the weather have been
C. had the weather been
D. should the weather be
13. ______ it ______ for your help, I couldn't have made any progress.
A. Had; not been B. Should; not been
C. Did; not been D. Not; been
14. _______ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would have left B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
15. It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river.
A. should be built B. would built
C. will be built D. built
四.答案
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.A
第5章 助動(dòng)詞
一.概念:
助動(dòng)詞是幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),語(yǔ)氣以及否定或疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞.助動(dòng)詞分為時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞和結(jié)構(gòu)助動(dòng)詞兩種.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講:
1. 助動(dòng)詞be的用法
1) be +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開(kāi)會(huì)。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越重要。
2) be + 過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語(yǔ)。
3) be + 動(dòng)詞不定式，可表示下列內(nèi)容：
a. 表示最近、未來(lái)的計(jì)劃或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我們要教新生。
說(shuō)明： 這種用法也可以說(shuō)成是一種將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 對(duì)此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來(lái)辦公室。
c. 征求意見(jiàn)。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復(fù)他?
Who is to go there? 誰(shuí)該去那兒呢?
d. 表示相約、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門(mén)口集合。
2. 助動(dòng)詞have的用法
1)have +過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未為止，他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在學(xué)英語(yǔ)，已達(dá)十年之久。
3)have +been +過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成完成式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中國(guó)教英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)多年。
3.助動(dòng)詞do 的用法
1)構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過(guò)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)測(cè)試嗎?
Did you study German? 你們學(xué)過(guò)德語(yǔ)嗎?
2)do + not 構(gòu)成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評(píng)。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想學(xué)習(xí)。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
過(guò)去，好多學(xué)生不知道英語(yǔ)的重要性。
3) 構(gòu)成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。
說(shuō)明： 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4)放在動(dòng)詞原形前，加強(qiáng)該動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定來(lái)參加我的生日宴會(huì)。
I did go there. 我確實(shí)去那兒了。
I do miss you. 我確實(shí)想你。
5)用于倒裝句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 進(jìn)了大學(xué)以后，我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到英語(yǔ)的重要性。
說(shuō)明： 引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6)用作代動(dòng)詞。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎?
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜歡。(do用作代動(dòng)詞，代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何開(kāi)車(chē)，對(duì)吧?
4. 助動(dòng)詞shall和will的用法
shall和will作為助動(dòng)詞可以與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
說(shuō)明：在過(guò)去的語(yǔ)法中，語(yǔ)法學(xué)家說(shuō)shall用于第一人稱，will 只用于第二、第三人稱�，F(xiàn)在，尤其是在口語(yǔ)中，will常用于第一人稱，但shall只用于第一人稱，如用于第二、第三人稱，就失去助動(dòng)詞的意義，已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞，試比較:
He shall come. 他必須來(lái)。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come. 他要來(lái)。(will只與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)。)
5.助動(dòng)詞should, would的用法
1)should無(wú)詞義，只是shall的過(guò)去形式，與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，只用于第一人稱。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天給他打電話，問(wèn)他我下周干什么。
比較："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么?"我問(wèn)道。
可以說(shuō)，shall變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，變成了should。
2) would也無(wú)詞義，是will的過(guò)去形式，與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，用于第二、第三人稱。例如：
He said he would come. 他說(shuō)他要來(lái)。
比較："I will go," he said. 他說(shuō)："我要去那兒。"變成間接引語(yǔ)，就成了He said he would come。原來(lái)的will變成would，go變成了come.。
6. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
動(dòng)詞加小品構(gòu)成的起動(dòng)詞作用的短語(yǔ)叫短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音機(jī)關(guān)上。(turn off是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成基本有下列幾種：
1)動(dòng)詞+副詞，如：black out;
2)動(dòng)詞+介詞，如：look into;
3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞，如：look forward to。構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的副詞和介詞都統(tǒng)稱為小品詞
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don't/had b. didn't/have c. didn't/had d. don't/have
5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come
6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8."______ you give me a room for the night?" I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can't all d. all they can't
10."We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday." "He ______ it."
a. mustn't attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn't have attended
11."You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don't you?"
"No, officer. I ______. This car can't do more than 80."
a. didn't need to be b. may not have been c. couldn't have been d. needn't have been
12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won't co-operate d. didn't co-operate
14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering
15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16.______ to see a film with us today?
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17.I'm sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18."Time is running out,______?"
a. hadn't we better got start b. hadn't we better get start
c.hadn't we better get started d. hadn't we better not started
19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come
22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23."I wonder why they're late." "They ______ the train."
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24."Tom graduated from college at a very young age."
"He ______ have been an outstanding student."
a. must b. could c. should d. might
25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn't have taken b. didn't need to take c. needn't take d. mustn't take
26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
c.must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. needed not to hurry b. needn't have hurried
c. need not to have hurried d. didn't need to hurry
29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight?
a. will b. won't c. wouldn't d. do
30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
四.答案
1-10 BDACDBDBCB 11-20 CDCBDBBCCB 21-30 DDCABDABCA
第六章 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
一.概念:
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是表示能力,義務(wù),必須,猜測(cè)等說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣或情態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講:
1.can
1)表能力
can表能力時(shí)意味著憑體力或腦力或技術(shù)等可以無(wú)甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬這根桿子。
He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4歲，但已認(rèn)得字了。
Fire can't destroy gold. 火燒不毀金子。
因?yàn)閏an不能和其他助動(dòng)詞連用，所以表示將來(lái)式時(shí)用will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.
你練習(xí)兩三次后就會(huì)溜冰了。
2)表可能性
多用于否定與疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)中，但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true? 這消息可能是真的嗎?
It can't be true. 它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思?
can 用在肯定句中表示理論上的可能性(一時(shí)的可能)。
A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.
Attending the ball can be very exciting.
The road can be blocked. 這條路可能會(huì)不通的。
may 在肯定句中表示現(xiàn)實(shí)的可能性。
The road may be blocked. 這條路可能不通了。
3)表示允許(和may意思相近)常見(jiàn)于口語(yǔ)。
Can (May) I come in ? 我能進(jìn)來(lái)嗎?
Can I smoke here ? 我可以在這里抽煙嗎?
2.could的用法
1)表過(guò)去的可能和許可，(多用于間接引語(yǔ)中)
At that time we thought the story could not be true.
那時(shí)我們認(rèn)為所說(shuō)的事不可能是真的。
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸說(shuō)我可以在河里游泳。
2)表過(guò)去的能力
I could swim when I was only six.
我剛六歲就能游泳。
Could在肯定句中表示過(guò)去的能力時(shí)，常表抽象的一般的能力。
He could be very naughty when he was a child.
他小時(shí)候會(huì)是很頑皮的。
3)表"允許"�？杀硎疚窨蜌獾奶岢鰡�(wèn)題或陳述看法
Could I use your bike?
Yes, you can.
他會(huì)記得那時(shí)嗎?
I'm afraid I couldn't give you an answer today.
恐怕我今天不能回答你。
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.
老師說(shuō)你可以去商店買(mǎi)糖。
3)Could/can+have done 結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情的"懷疑"或"不肯定"。 could 加完成式還用于肯定句時(shí)一般表過(guò)去可能完成而卻未完成的動(dòng)作。
Can they have won the basketball match?
他們贏了那場(chǎng)籃球賽嗎?
What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.
你剛剛所談到的可能令他很傷心。
You could have completed the task a little earlier.
你本來(lái)能早點(diǎn)完成任務(wù)的。(但事實(shí)上并沒(méi)有提前完成任務(wù))
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本可以輕易通過(guò)考試，但我犯了太多不該犯的錯(cuò)誤。
如表具體做某一件事的能力時(shí)，則須用 be able to .
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.
他可以不用詞典翻譯那篇文章。
Can表示一貫的能力 ，be able to表示客觀能力和通過(guò)努力可以達(dá)到的能力
I can't swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.
The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out
When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
3.may 的用法
1)表示請(qǐng)求、可以、允許。
You may drive the tractor. 你可以開(kāi)那臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)。
2)當(dāng)回答由may 引起的問(wèn)題時(shí)，否定答語(yǔ)要用must not,表示"不許可"、"不應(yīng)該"、"不行"。
May I come in?
Yes, you may.
No,you can't
No, you may not .
No ,you mustn't
No ,you'd better not.
3) may /might 推測(cè)性用法 可能
He may be right.
He may not come today (可能不)
He may /might come tomorrow.
, 注意: 1只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑問(wèn)句中。
2 might 比may可能性更小
He might get a job.
He may get a job.
3 may no 可能不 can not不可能
He may not come
He can't come
3)表建議(可和as well 連用)
You may(might)as well stay where you are.
你還是原地待著好。(may as well 有"還是......的好"的含義)
4)表祝愿
May you be happy!
might
1)表過(guò)去的"可能"和"允許"多用于間接引語(yǔ)。
She said that he might take her dictionary.
她說(shuō)他可以拿她的詞典去用。
除在間接引語(yǔ)中外，might一般不表示過(guò)去的"可能"與"許可"。表過(guò)去的"可能"可用could，表過(guò)去的"許可"可用were (was) allowed to。
2)表現(xiàn)在的"可能"，其可能性要比may小。
Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.
電熨斗會(huì)有危險(xiǎn)，它可能電著人。
3)may (might) + have +done 表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生行為的推測(cè)，含有"想必"、"也許是"的意思。
It may have been true. 這事也許是真的。
He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解決那個(gè)問(wèn)題。
4.must 的主要用法。
1)表示必須、必要
We must do everything step by step .我們必須按部就班地做一切事情。
Why must you always bother me? 為什么你偏要打擾我呢。
2)must be + 表語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)，通常表示猜測(cè)，含有"一定"之意。(只用在肯定句中)
He must be an honest boy. 他一定是個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的男孩。
This must be your room. 這一定是你的房間。
3)must 的否定式有兩個(gè)：當(dāng)回答由must引起的問(wèn)題時(shí)，否定答復(fù)要用needn't或don't have to 表示"不必"、"無(wú)須"、"用不著"、"不一定"的意義。當(dāng)表示"不應(yīng)該"、"不許可"、"禁止"時(shí)，就用must not。
Must I go tomorrow?明天我必須去嗎?
Yes, please.是的，請(qǐng)吧!
No , you needn't. 不，你不必去。
4)must +have +過(guò)去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，常用在肯定句中，表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生行為的推測(cè)，含有"一定"、"準(zhǔn)是"的意思。否定和疑問(wèn)句用can。
She must have studied English before.她以前一定學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)。
5.have to的含義與must是很接近的,只是have to 比較強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要，must著重說(shuō)明主觀看法。
I must clean the room.(主觀想法)
I have to clean the room.(客觀需要)
另外，have to 能用于更多時(shí)態(tài)：
We had to be there at ten .我們得在十點(diǎn)鐘到那里。
We will have to reconsider the whole thing.
這一切我們將不得不重新加以考慮。
have to 的否定式：don't have to do 表示"不必做......"之意。
6.ought to 的用法
Ought to 后接動(dòng)詞原形，表義務(wù)，但不及must 那樣具有信心，如：
You don't look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.
你氣色不好，應(yīng)該去看病。
Ought to 用于否定句，其否定形式可縮略為oughtn't ，如：
You oughtn't to smoke so much. 你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。
也可以用于疑問(wèn)句，如：
Ought you to smoke so much?你應(yīng)該抽這樣多煙嗎?
Ought to 在間接引語(yǔ)中表過(guò)去時(shí)形式不變，如：
He said you ought to tell the police.
他說(shuō)你應(yīng)該去報(bào)告警察。
7.shall的用法
1)用于第一人稱征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)，如：
What shall I wear on the journey? 我路上穿什么好呢?
Shall we dance? 我們跳舞好嗎?
2)shall 用于第二、三人稱時(shí)表允諾，警告，命令，威脅(現(xiàn)已少見(jiàn))，如：
She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。
You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以將它拿回。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should一般不應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall的過(guò)去式，主要用法有：
1)用于第一人稱疑問(wèn)句中詢問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿，但語(yǔ)氣較委婉溫和，如：
What should we do now? 我們現(xiàn)在該怎么辦?
2)表示應(yīng)該、必須，常與must 換用。例如：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
我們應(yīng)當(dāng)至少掌握一門(mén)外語(yǔ)。
3)"should+be+表語(yǔ)"的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示推測(cè)或驚奇。例如：
They should be back by now. 他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該回來(lái)了吧。
I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遺憾她竟會(huì)那樣粗心。
4)"should+have+過(guò)去分詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示過(guò)去該做而實(shí)際上尚未做的動(dòng)作或行為;其否定則表示發(fā)生了不應(yīng)該發(fā)生的行為。其同義結(jié)構(gòu)"ought to have +過(guò)去分詞",表示過(guò)去"早應(yīng)該"、"本當(dāng)"之意，語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)。例如：
I should have thought of that. 這一點(diǎn)我是應(yīng)當(dāng)想到的。(但沒(méi)想到)
They should not have left so soon.他們不應(yīng)當(dāng)走得這么早。(但已走了)
5) 在"It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that......"句型中，主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should +動(dòng)詞原形"表示"理所當(dāng)然"、"奇怪"、"必要"、"驚異"等的意思。在lest(以免)、for fear (that) (以防)、in case(以備萬(wàn)一)等之后也要用should+動(dòng)詞原形;在advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的從句中should+do"例如：
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once.
有必要馬上派他到那里去。
It is strange that he should say so. 他會(huì)說(shuō)這樣的話真是奇怪。
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.
我們馬上走吧，以免趕不上火車(chē)。
8..will和would的用法
1)表示意志，決心或愿望。例如：
Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
我們一定要支持全世界人民爭(zhēng)取和平的斗爭(zhēng)。
He would not let me try it . 他不肯讓我去試。
2)will表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性、傾向性，would表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣行為。
He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
他會(huì)經(jīng)常一連幾個(gè)小時(shí)坐在那兒觀看來(lái)往的車(chē)輛。
He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.
他在北京時(shí)，常來(lái)看望我。
3)用于第二人稱作主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句中，表示對(duì)對(duì)方的請(qǐng)求，would的語(yǔ)氣比will委碗
Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station? 請(qǐng)問(wèn)到火車(chē)站怎么走?
4)表可能性
This will be the book you are looking for.
這可能就是你要找的書(shū)。
She eould be about 60 when she died.
他死時(shí)大概60歲。
9. need和dare的用法
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 need
現(xiàn) You need (not) do You (don't) need to do
在
時(shí) He need (not) do He needs (doesn't need) to do
過(guò) You needed (didn't need) to do
去
時(shí) He needed (didn't need) to do
將 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do
來(lái)
時(shí) He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型 時(shí)態(tài) 動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 dare
肯定句 現(xiàn)在時(shí) dare to 少用 dare/dares to do
過(guò)去時(shí) dare to 少用 dared to do
否定句 現(xiàn)在時(shí) daren't/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
過(guò)去時(shí) dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑問(wèn)句 現(xiàn)在時(shí) Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?
過(guò)去時(shí) Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do
needn't have v-ed 表示過(guò)去做了某事，但沒(méi)有做的必要， 意為"本沒(méi)必要..."。例如：
You needn't have waken me up; I don't have to go to work today
10.表推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞句子的反意疑問(wèn)句
He must/may be in the room, isn't he?
He can't be in the room, is he?
He must have finished the work, hasn't he?
He may have done the work last night, didn't he?
：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行式
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行式(即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + v-ing形式)，表示推測(cè)或評(píng)論某動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在是否正在進(jìn)行。例如：
1)He must be playing basketball in the room.
2)She may be staying at home.
11.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞完成進(jìn)行式
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞完成進(jìn)行式(即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have been + v-ing 形式)，表示推測(cè)或評(píng)論過(guò)去某動(dòng)作是否正在進(jìn)行或一直在進(jìn)行。例如：
1)They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2)He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
12.used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v
(1)used to +v意為"過(guò)去常常"，"過(guò)去一直";be used to +v-ing / n(名詞)意為"習(xí)慣于";be used to +v意為"被用來(lái)(做某事)"。
(2)used to只表示過(guò)去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)。例如：
1)He used to smoke. Now he doesn't.
2)He's quite used to hard work / working hard.
3)The knife is used to cut bread.
13.用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的其他短語(yǔ)
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。例如：
1)The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2)The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
3)I'd rather walk than take a bus.
4)If you don't like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注：這些短語(yǔ)后一般直接跟動(dòng)詞原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引導(dǎo)的從句，that 常省去，從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。對(duì)現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的假設(shè)用過(guò)去時(shí)，對(duì)過(guò)去的假設(shè)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
1)I would rather you came on Sunday.
2)I would sooner you hadn't asked me to speak yesterday.
三. 鞏固練習(xí):
1. _____ you ready?
(A) Are (B) Have (C) Will (D) Can
2. ____ here early?
(A) Will he (B) Was he (C) Did he be (D) Were he
3. I ___ happy about the price of eggs.
(A) am't (B) am not (C) do not (D) won't
4. Since last year I____ him only once.
(A) have seen (B) have been seeing (C) see (D) was seeing
5. Donald ___ sixteen tomorrow.
(A) is being (B) going to be (C) shall be (D) will be
6. I ___ the story at all.
(A) don't like (B) like (C) am fond of (D) would like
7. I would rather ___ than play now.
(A) to study (B)am studying (C) study (D) studied
8. I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being.
(A) do (B) didn't do (C) don't (D) didn't
9. The car___much money.
(A) not cost (B) not have cost (C) isn't cost (D) didn't cost
10. I ___ like to eat fish.
(A) am (B) have (C) do (D) be
11. ___ repeat the question?
(A) Shall I (B) Will I (C)Would you like that I (D) Do you want that I
12. My teacher knows more than ___.
(A) my uncle knows (B) my uncle does
(C) they know (D)they don't know
13. He___to meet us at the station, but didn't see us.
(A) did go (B) did went (C) goes (D) had
14. Not only ____us light.
(A) does the sun give (B) the sun gives
(C) gives the sun (D) the sun does give
15. ____ you tell me what has happened?
(A) May (B) Must (C) Can (D) Could
16. Anne___tomorrow.
(A) can sing (B) can to sing (C) is going sing (D) going to sing
17. You___hand it in at once, you may hand it in tomorrow.
(A) needn't (B) may not (C) can't (D) must not
18. Tell the boy that he ___ in the river.
(A) swims (B) swim (C) swimming (D) to swim
19. Joan___play on Saturday.
(A) going to (B) can (C) is going (D) can to
20. Susan and I can go to the lecture ___.
(A) but neither can Charles (B) and so Charies can
(C) but Charles can't (D) and Charles also can
四.答案
1. (A) 2, (B) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5, (D) 6, (A) 7. (C) 8. (B) 9. (9) 10, (C)
11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (D) 16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20, (C)
第七章 動(dòng)詞不定式
一.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講:
1. 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
1) 有些有動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
advise
allow
cause
challenge
command
compel
drive 驅(qū)使
enable
encourage
forbid
force
impel
induce
instruct
invite
like/love
order
permit
make
let
have
want
get
warn
persuade
request
send
tell
train
urge
例如;
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！?/p>
The officer ordered his men to fire. 長(zhǎng)官命令士兵開(kāi)火。
注意：有些動(dòng)詞如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做賓補(bǔ)，也可用分詞作賓補(bǔ)。現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。
2) 有些有動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式的動(dòng)詞往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：
consider
find
believe
think
declare(聲稱)
appoint
guess
fancy(設(shè)想)
guess
judge
imagine
know
例如：
We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我們知道他是個(gè)笨蛋。(to be 不能省去)
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：C. 一般沒(méi)有consider+賓語(yǔ)+be以外不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)，也沒(méi)有consider+賓語(yǔ)+doing的結(jié)構(gòu)，排除A、B、D。consider用動(dòng)詞be以外的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故選C。
3) 有些動(dòng)詞可以跟there +to be的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
believe
expect
intend
like
love
mean
prefer
want
wish
understand
例如：
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn't want there to be another war. 你不至于想讓另外一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)發(fā)生吧。
2. 不定式作主語(yǔ)
不定式作主語(yǔ)，往往用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)不定式放至句子的后面。
例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用車(chē)的時(shí)候，鎖車(chē)是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。
但是，用不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中還有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is... to...的句型。另外，這樣的句子，不能用動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)。
3. It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
這樣的句子中，由于表語(yǔ)形容詞性質(zhì)的不同，導(dǎo)致了不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)標(biāo)志用for或of的區(qū)別。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難的。
2)of sb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。
用for還是用of 的另一種辨別方法：
用介詞for或of后面的邏輯主語(yǔ)作句子的主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果通順用of，不通則用for。例如：
You are nice. (通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。
He is hard. (非所表達(dá)的意思，不通，因此用for。)
4. 不定式作表語(yǔ)
不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清掃房間。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的夢(mèng)想是成為一名醫(yī)生。
5. 不定式作定語(yǔ)
不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后，往往表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：
I have a lot of work to do. 我有許多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家時(shí))兩手空空。
6. 不定式作狀語(yǔ)
1)目的狀語(yǔ)
常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do , only to do(僅僅為了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such)... as to...(如此...以便...)。例如：
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車(chē)。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。
2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，可以表示沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果，不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見(jiàn)了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房間，沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 見(jiàn)到你很高興。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和條件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
7.用作介詞的to
to 可以用作介詞，也可用作不定式的標(biāo)示。下面的to 都用作介詞：
admit to
object to
be accustomed to
be used to
stick to
turn to開(kāi)始
look forward to
be devoted to
pay attention to
contribute to
apologize to
devote oneself to
8. 省去to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外) 后。
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make后，感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不能省去to。例如：
I saw him dance. 我看見(jiàn)他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板讓他們整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
3) would rather，had better句型后
4) Why... / why no...句型后
5) help 后可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：
6) but和except后。but前是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。
比較：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃這藥，他什么都信。
7) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去：
8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等詞后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，可以省去to be。例如：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。
9.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
在不定式標(biāo)志to前加上not。例如：
Tell him not to shut the window。讓他別關(guān)窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過(guò)的時(shí)候，她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。
10.不定式的特殊句型too...to...
1)too...to 太...以至于...。例如：
He is too excited to speak. 他太激動(dòng)了，說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.
不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝。
2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定，too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。例如：
It's never too late to mend. 改過(guò)不嫌晚。(諺語(yǔ))
3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常... 等于very。例如：
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能幫助你我非常高興。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
11. 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。例如：
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。
2) 表示結(jié)果。例如：
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。
12. 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不......?" "干嗎不......?"。例如：
Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假?
13.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
1) 一般式表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后，例如
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道這事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見(jiàn)到你。
2) 完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如：
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，給你添了那么多的麻煩。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已經(jīng)得了感冒。
3) 進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：
He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么東西。
4) 完成進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始并延續(xù)至說(shuō)話的時(shí)候。例如：
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我們知道她研究這問(wèn)題有好幾年了。
14. 動(dòng)名詞與不定式
1)動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：
動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的
不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的
2)有些動(dòng)詞如continue接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，意義基本相同。
3)有些動(dòng)詞如continue接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，意義大相徑庭。常見(jiàn)的，下一節(jié)有專門(mén)討論
第八章 分詞
一.概念:
分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種,是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講:
1.現(xiàn)在分詞的用法：
1) 做表語(yǔ)：
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以作表語(yǔ)：
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2) 作定語(yǔ)：
上面所出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語(yǔ), 修飾一個(gè)名詞：
That must have been a terrifying experience.
I found him a charming person.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)還可以放在名詞的后面修飾名詞, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句：
There are a few boys swimming in the river.
There is a car waiting outside.
3) 作狀語(yǔ)：
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)可以表示一個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的次要的或伴隨的動(dòng)作：
Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.
Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)還可以表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句：
Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.
Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)還可以表示時(shí)間, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Returning home, he began to do his homework.
Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
Be careful when crossing the road.
Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
Having finished her work, she went home.
4)作賓補(bǔ)：
現(xiàn)在分詞在一些動(dòng)詞之后可以做賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：
例如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等.
I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
She kept him working all day.
2.過(guò)去分詞的用法：
1) 作表語(yǔ)：
We were so bored that we couldn't help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
They were very pleased with the girl.
I'm satisfied with your answer.
He is not interested in research.
2) 作定語(yǔ)：
She has a pleased look on her face.
The teacher gave us a satisfied smile.
cooked food a written report
fried eggs boiled water
frozen food armed forces
required courses fallen leaves
finished products a forced smile
the risen sun new arrived visitors
What's the language spoken in that country?
They're problem left over by history.
The play put on by the teachers was a big success.
Is there anybody injured?
Do you know the number of books ordered?
3)作狀語(yǔ)：
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
They came in, followed by some children.
Depressed, he went to see his elder sister.
When treated with kindness, he was very amiable.
4)作賓補(bǔ)：
過(guò)去分詞也同樣可以作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)， 接在某些動(dòng)詞后面
I will have the clothes washed tomorrow.
When they get back home, they found the room robbed.
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1. __________ with the best students, I still have a long way to go.
A. Having compared B. To compare
C. Compared D. Compare
( ) 2. The music of the film _________ by him sounds so ___________ .
A. playing, exciting B. played, excited
C. playing, excited D. played, exciting
( ) 3. __________ against the coming hurricane, they dared not leave home.
A. Warned B. Having warned
C. To warn D. Warn
( ) 4. In __________ countries, you can't always make yourself _______ by speaking English.
A. English-speaking, understand B. English-spoken, understand
C. English-speaking, understood D. English-speaking, understood
( )5. After _____________ the old man, the doctor suggested that he ___________ a bad cold.
A. examining, should catch B. examined, had caught
C. examining, had caught D. examined, catch
( ) 6. _____________ , Tom jumped into the river and had a good time in it.
A. Be a good swimmer B. Being a good swimmer
C. Having been good swimmer D. To be a good swimmer
( ) 7. ________ how to read the new words, I often look them up in the dictionary.
A. Having not known B. Not to know
C. Don't know D. Not knowing
( ) 8. As his parent, you shouldn't have your child ___________ such a book.
A. read B. to read
C. reading D. be reading
( ) 9. He returned from abroad ______________ that his mother had been badly ill.
A. heard B. having been heard
C. having phoned D. having been phoned
四.答案:
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. D
第九章 動(dòng)名詞
一. 概念
動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形+ING構(gòu)成,是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式
二. 相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講:
1.作主語(yǔ)。例如：
Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方與北方開(kāi)戰(zhàn)了。
2.作賓語(yǔ)
a. 有些動(dòng)詞可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。例如：
admit 承認(rèn)
appreciate 感激
avoid 避免
complete完成
consider認(rèn)為
delay 耽誤
deny 否認(rèn)
detest 討厭
endure 忍受
enjoy 喜歡
escape 逃脫
fancy 想象
finish 完成
imagine 想象
mind 介意
miss 想念
postpone推遲
practice 訓(xùn)練
recall 回憶
resent 討厭
resume 繼續(xù)
resist 抵抗
risk 冒險(xiǎn)
suggest 建議
face 面對(duì)
include 包括
stand 忍受
understand 理解
forgive 寬恕
keep 繼續(xù)
例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音機(jī)音量調(diào)小一點(diǎn)，好嗎
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 這松鼠幸運(yùn)得很，剛逃避了被逮住的厄運(yùn)。
b. 有些結(jié)構(gòu)后面可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)或其他成分。例如：
admit to
prefer...to
be used to
lead to
devote oneself to
object to
stick to
no good
no use
be fond of
look forward to
be proud of
be busy
can't help
be tired of
be capable of
be afraid of
think of
burst out
keep on
insist on
count on
set about
put off
be good at
take up
give up
be successful in
3.作表語(yǔ)，對(duì)主語(yǔ)說(shuō)明、解釋。例如：
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清掃和照顧孩子。
比較：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4.作定語(yǔ)，一般表示所修飾名詞事物的用途。例如：
a writing desk=a desk for writing 寫(xiě)字臺(tái)
a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，與所修飾的名詞關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜。例如：
boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸點(diǎn)
a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉機(jī)
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1. I was ______ work last week, but I changed my mind.
a. to start b. to have started c. to be starting d. to have been starting
2. I intended ______ the matter with you, but I had some guests hen.
a. discuss b. discussing c. having discussed d. to have discussed
3. Don't let me catch you ______.
a. do that again b. to do that again c. doing that again d. done that again
4. There are many kinds of metals ______.
a. each has its special properties b. one has its special properties
c.each having its special properties d. having its special properties
5. It's pay-day, and they're waiting ______.
a. for paying b. to be paid c. to be paying d. to have paid
6. _______ trouble, I'm going to forget the whole affair.
a. Then rather cause b. Rather causing
c. Rather than cause d. Rather than caused
7. The brilliance of his satires was ______ make even his victims laugh.
a. so as to b. such as to c. so that d. such that
8. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined ______ high levels of self-confidence.
a. possess b. have possessed c. to possess d. possessing
9. The worker is ______ in repairing the machine to notice my coming.
a. too busy b. enough busy c. busy too d. busy enough
10. "What did you do in the garden?"
"I watched my father ______ his motorbike."
a. to repair b. repaired c. repairing d. repairs
四.答案
BDCCBCBCAC
第10章 形容詞和副詞
一. 概念
形容詞是用來(lái)修飾,描述名詞或代詞的詞,主要用作定語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等.
副詞是用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,其化副詞,介詞短語(yǔ)或全句的詞.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.形容詞及其用法
1)直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞，它有級(jí)的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如：hot。
2)敘述形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，所以又稱為表語(yǔ)形容詞。這類形容詞沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如：afraid 害怕的。
這類詞還有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
3)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，要放在這些詞之后。例如：something nice.
2.以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞
1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。
改錯(cuò)： (錯(cuò)) She sang lovely.
(錯(cuò)) He spoke to me very friendly.
(對(duì)) Her singing was lovely.
(對(duì)) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞，也為副詞，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。例如：
The Times is a weekly paper. 《時(shí)代周刊》為周刊。
The Times is published weekly. 《時(shí)代周刊》每周發(fā)行一期。
3.用形容詞表示類別和整體
1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如：
The poor are losing hope. 窮人行將失去希望。
2) 有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體，與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等。例如：
The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英國(guó)人頗有幽默感。
4. 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序
多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋合薅ㄔ~--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色)--出處--材料性質(zhì)--類別--名詞。例如：
a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞，他們的排列順序是：年齡，形狀，大小+顏色+來(lái)源+質(zhì)地+用途+國(guó)家+名詞。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
5.副詞的位置
1) 在動(dòng)詞之前。
2) 在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。
3) 多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。
注意：
a. 大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾，但賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，副詞可以提前，以使句子平衡。例如：
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我們清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b. 方式副詞well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。例如：
He speaks English well. 他英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得好。
6.副詞的排列順序：
1) 時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。
2) 方式副詞，短的在前，長(zhǎng)的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。例如：
Please write slowly and carefully. 請(qǐng)寫(xiě)得慢一些，仔細(xì)一些
3) 多個(gè)不同副詞排列：程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。
注意：副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。
改錯(cuò)：(錯(cuò)) I very like English.
(對(duì)) I like English very much.
注意：副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。例如：
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足夠的食物供每個(gè)人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
7.兼有兩種形式的副詞
1) close與closely
close意思是"近";closely 意思是"仔細(xì)地"。例如：
He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我邊上。
Watch him closely. 盯著他。
2) late 與lately
late意思是"晚";lately 意思是"最近"。例如：
You have come too late. 你來(lái)得太晚了。
What have you been doing lately? 近來(lái)好嗎?
3) deep與deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空間深度;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"。例如：
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插進(jìn)泥里。
Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被電影深深打動(dòng)了。
4) high與highly
high表示空間高度;highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于much。例如：
The plane was flying high. 這架飛機(jī)飛得很高。
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。
5) wide與widely
wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地"，"在許多地方"。例如：
He opened the door wide. 他把門(mén)開(kāi)得大大的。
English is widely used in the world.英語(yǔ)在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛使用。
6) free與freely
free的意思是"免費(fèi)";freely 的意思是"無(wú)限制地"。例如：
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.無(wú)論什么時(shí)候，我這飯鋪免費(fèi)對(duì)你開(kāi)放。
You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以暢所欲言，想說(shuō)什么就說(shuō)什么。
8. 形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)
大多數(shù)形容詞(性質(zhì)形容詞)和副詞有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化，即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)，用來(lái)表示事物的等級(jí)差別。原級(jí)即形容詞的原形，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。
1) 規(guī)則變化
單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，加詞尾-er，-est來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。
構(gòu)成法
原級(jí)
比較級(jí)
最高級(jí)
一般單音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
tall
taller
tallest
以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音詞和少數(shù)以- le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞只加-r,-st
nice
nicer
nicest
以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞，雙寫(xiě)結(jié)尾的輔音字母，再加-er,-est
big
bigger
biggest
"以輔音字母+y"結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，改y為i，再加-er，-est
busy
busier
busiest
少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
clever/narrow
cleverer/ narrower
cleverest/ narrowest
其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，在前面加more，most來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)
important/ easily
more important/ more easily
most important/ most easily
2) 不規(guī)則變化
原級(jí)
比較級(jí)
最高級(jí)
good
better
best
well(健康的)
worse
worst
bad
ill(有病的)
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
9.as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as
1)在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中可用so... as。例如：
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他沒(méi)你跑得快。
2)當(dāng)as... as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式：as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞/ as + many/much +名詞。例如：
This is as good an example as the other is. 這個(gè)例子和另外一個(gè)一樣好。
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少紙，我也能。
3)用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在as的前面。例如：
This room is twice as big as that one. 這房間的面積是那間的兩倍。
Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房間和我的一樣大。
4)倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍數(shù)+ the ... + of。例如：
This bridge is three times as long as that one. 這座橋的長(zhǎng)度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房間是我的兩倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
10. 比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞 + than 。例如：
You are taller than I. 你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房間的那些燈比我房間里的亮。
注意：
1)要避免重復(fù)使用比較級(jí)。
(錯(cuò)) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(對(duì)) He is more clever than his brother.
(對(duì)) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免將主語(yǔ)含在比較對(duì)象中。
(錯(cuò)) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(對(duì)) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意對(duì)應(yīng)句型，遵循前后一致的原則。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)要注意定冠詞在比較級(jí)中的使用。
比較：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
11.可修飾比較級(jí)的詞
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
2)還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語(yǔ)。
3)以上詞(除by far)外，必須置于比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞的前面。
12. many, old 和 far
1) 如果后接名詞時(shí)，much more +不可數(shù)名詞，many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。
2) old 有兩種比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長(zhǎng)幼關(guān)系。例如：
My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是個(gè)工程師。
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 瑪麗是三姐妹中最大的。
3) far 有兩種比較級(jí)，farther，further。一般father 表示距離，further表示進(jìn)一步。例如：
I have nothing further to say. 我沒(méi)什么要說(shuō)了。
13. the + 最高級(jí) + 比較范圍
1)形容詞最高級(jí)前通常必須用定冠詞 the，副詞最高級(jí)前可不用。例如：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容詞most前面沒(méi)有the，不表示最高級(jí)的含義，只表示"非常"。例如：
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 這是個(gè)很重要的問(wèn)題。
注意：使用最高級(jí)要注意將主語(yǔ)包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。
(錯(cuò)) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(對(duì)) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列詞可修飾最高級(jí)，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 這帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意：
a. very可修飾最高級(jí)，但位置與much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級(jí)。例如：
Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3) 最高級(jí)的意義有時(shí)可以用比較級(jí)表示出來(lái)。例如：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 馬克是班上最聰明的。
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4) "否定詞語(yǔ)+比較級(jí)"，"否定詞語(yǔ)+ so... as"結(jié)構(gòu)也可以表示最高級(jí)含義。例如：
Nothing is so easy as this. 沒(méi)比這更簡(jiǎn)單的了。
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
14. 和more有關(guān)的詞組，
1) the more...the more... 越......就越......。例如：
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 越努力，進(jìn)步越大。
2) more B than A=less A than B 與其說(shuō)A不如說(shuō)B。例如：
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作時(shí)，與其說(shuō)是反應(yīng)慢不如說(shuō)是懶。
3) no more... than... 與......一樣......，不比......多。例如：
The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官員們看到的和皇帝一樣多。
no less... than... 與......一樣......。例如：
He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一樣勤勉。
4) more than 不只是，非常。例如：
She is more than kind to us all. 她對(duì)我們非常熱心。
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1. The modern machine proved ______ in heart surgery.
a. high valuable b. highly valuable c. valuable high d. valuable highly
2. Mr. Johnson and his ______ daughter do not always understand each other.
a. older b. the oldest c. eldest d. the eldest
3. They ______ thought that the truth would be finally discovered.
a. little b. not c. small d. bit
4. They hardly believe that the apartment which costs them $ 4,000 is ______.
a. so small b. such little c. so little d. such small
5. If a claim is kept ______, it is more likely to be recognized.
a. live b. lived c. alive d. living
6. On his way to school he met ______, so he sent him to hospital.
a. very ill man b. much sick man c. serious ill man d. very sick man
7. She was operated a month ago but now she was ______.
a. very good b. very well c. healthy d. good conditioned
8. What I would do is to go ______.
a. really quietly somewhere b. somewhere quietly really
c. really quiet somewhere d. somewhere really quiet
9. The chairman asked ______ to write their questions on a piece of paper and send them to the front.
a. the present members b. the members presently
c. the members present d. the presently members
10. The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid ______ he asked.
a. three times much as b. three times as many as
c. as three times much as d. three times as much as
11. The trousers are ______, but Tom does not care a bit.
a. too a little small b. a little too small c. a too little small d. a small too little
12. She wore a dress to the party that was far more attractive than ______.
a. other girls b. that of other girls c. the other girls d. those of other girls
13. he can play tennis better than ______ in the class.
a. any boys b. any other boy c. any boy d. any other
14. Kasia is taking her ______ tour of the shops in search of bargains.
a. daily b. day c. day time d. night
15. ______ the child expresses his interest in an activity, the stronger it will become.
a. The more frequent b. The frequenter c. The more frequently d. the frequentlier
16. We'd better wait _______ , Peter and Tom will come very soon.
a. a little longer b. more longer c. long d. as longer
17. although the medicine tastes ______, it seems to help my condition.
a. bad b. badly c. too much bad d. too badly
18. When she got her first month salary, Diana bought herself ______ dress.
a. a cotton , blue ...expensive b. an expensive ... blue, cotton
c. a blue, expensive ... cotton d. a cotton, expensive... blue
19. The doctors have tried ______ to save the life of the wounded soldier.
a. everything possible humanly b. humanly everything possible
c. everything humanly possible d. humanly possible everything
20. I was worried very much because I'll miss my flight if the bus arrives ______.
a. lately b. late c. latter d. more later
四.答案
BCAACDBDCDBDBACAACCB
第11章 代詞
一.概念:
代詞是代替名詞的詞, 按其意義、特征及其在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、不定代詞和關(guān)系代詞等。
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.人稱代詞
1)人稱代詞的人稱、數(shù)和格，如下表所示。
2)人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分。通常主格作主語(yǔ)，賓格作賓語(yǔ)。如：
I like table tennis. (作主語(yǔ))
Do you know him?(作賓語(yǔ))
3)人稱代詞還可作表語(yǔ)。作表語(yǔ)時(shí)用賓格。如：
---Whos is knocking at the door?
---It's me.
4)人稱代詞在than之后與其他人或事物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用主格和賓格都可以。如：
He is older than me.
He is older than I am.
2. 物主代詞
1)表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性
物主代詞，如下表所示。
2)形容詞性物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，可在句中作定語(yǔ)。例如：
Our teacher is coming to see us.
This is her pencil-box.
3)名詞性物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于名詞，在句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。
Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主語(yǔ))
--- Is this English-book yours? (作表語(yǔ))
--- No. Mine is in my bag.
I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? (作賓語(yǔ))
3. 指示代詞
指示代詞包括：this，that，these，those。
1) this和these一般用來(lái)指在時(shí)間或空間上較近的事物或人，that和those
則指時(shí)間和空間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物或人，例如：
This is a pen and that is a pencil.
We are busy these days.
In those days the workers had a hard time.
2)有時(shí)that和those指前面講到過(guò)的事物，this 和these則是指下面將要講
到的事物，例如：
I had a cold. That's why I didn't come.
What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English.
3)有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)提到的名詞，�？捎胻hat或those代替，例如：
Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.
4)this 在電話用語(yǔ)中代表自己，that 則代表對(duì)方。例如：
Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?
4. 反身代詞
英語(yǔ)中用來(lái)表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我們自己"，"你們自己"
等意義的代詞稱為反身代詞，也有人稱之為自身代名詞，其形式如表所示。
反身代詞可以在句中作賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，同位語(yǔ)。
1)作賓語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作的承受者就是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)指同一個(gè)人
或一些人。
He called himself a writer.
Would you please express yourself in English?
2)作表語(yǔ)。
It doesn't matter.I'll be myself soon.
The girl in the news is myself.
3)作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)，表示親自或本人。
I myself washed the clothes.(=I washed the clothes myself.)(作主語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ))
You should ask the teacher himself.(作賓語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ))
5. 不定代詞
不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表
語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)�，F(xiàn)將幾個(gè)常用的不定代詞舉例說(shuō)明如下：
1)some與any的區(qū)別
①some多用于肯定句，表示"一些，幾個(gè)"作形容詞時(shí)，后面可以接①不可數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞;②可數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.
. Some rice in the bag has been sold out.
②any多用于疑問(wèn)句、條件句和否定句中，表示"一些，任何"用作形容詞時(shí)，后面可以接①不可數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞;②可數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
If you have any questions, please ask me.
There isn't any orange in the bottle.
Have you got any tea?
③any和some也可以作代詞用，表示"一些"。any多用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。
How many people can you see in the picture?
I can't see any.
If you have no money, I'll lend you some.
注意：與some, any結(jié)合的詞如something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑問(wèn)句、條件句中的用法，大致和some, any的用法相同。
2) few, a few, little, a little在用法上的區(qū)別
①用作形容詞：
含義
用法
表示肯定
表示否定
用于可數(shù)名詞
a few雖少，但有幾個(gè)
few不多，幾乎沒(méi)有
用于不可數(shù)名詞
a little，雖少，但有一點(diǎn)
little不多，沒(méi)有什么
I'm going to buy a few apples.
He can speak only a little Chinese.
There is only a little milk in the glass.
He has few friends.
They had little money with them.
②a little和little也可以用作副詞，a little表示"有點(diǎn)，稍微"，little表示"很少"。
I'm a little hungry. (修飾形容詞hungry)
Let him sleep a little. (修飾動(dòng)詞sleep)
Mary, go a little faster, please. (修飾副詞比較級(jí))
She slept very little last night.
3)other, the other, another, others, the others的區(qū)別。
用 法
代名詞
形容詞
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
不定
another
另一個(gè)
others
別人，其他人
another (boy)
另一個(gè)(男孩)
other (boys)
其他男孩
特定
the other
另一個(gè)
the others
其余那些人、物
the other (boy)
另一個(gè)男孩
the other (boys)
其余那些男孩
①other可以作形容詞用，后面可以跟單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞，意思是"其他的、別
的"。
Where are his other books?
I haven't any other books except this one.
②other也可以用作代詞，與冠詞the連用構(gòu)成"the other"，表示兩個(gè)人或物中的"另一個(gè)"。常與one搭配構(gòu)成"one ..., the other ..."句型。
He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.
She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.
③other作代詞用時(shí)，可以有復(fù)數(shù)"others"，泛指"另外的人或物"。常與some搭配構(gòu)成"some ...., others ..."句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.
This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.
④"the others"表示特指某范圍內(nèi)的"其他的人或物"。
We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock.
In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.
⑤another可以作形容詞用，修飾后面的名詞，意為"另一個(gè)"，還可以跟代詞one.
You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?
⑥another也可以作代詞用，表示"另一個(gè)"。
I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.
4)every與each的區(qū)別。
each
every
1)可單獨(dú)使用
1)不可單獨(dú)使用
2)可做代名詞、形容詞
2)僅作形容詞
3)著重"個(gè)別"
3)著重"全體"，毫無(wú)例外
4)用于兩者或兩者以上中的每一個(gè)人或物
4)用于三者或三者以上每一個(gè)人或物
The teacher gave a toy to each child.
Each ball has a different colour.
當(dāng)我們說(shuō)each child, each student或each teacher時(shí)，我們想到的是一個(gè)人的情況。而當(dāng)我們說(shuō)every child和every student時(shí)，我們想到的是全體的情況，every的意思與all接近，表示他們都如此。
Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.
Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.
5)all和both的用法。
①all指三者以上，或不可數(shù)的東西。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞既可以用單數(shù)，也可以用作復(fù)數(shù)。在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。
All of us like Mr Pope. 我們都喜歡Pope先生。(作主語(yǔ))
= We all like Mr Pope. (作同位語(yǔ))
All the water has been used up. (作主語(yǔ))
That's all for today. (作表語(yǔ))
Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作賓語(yǔ))
All the leaders are here. (作定語(yǔ))
②both作代詞。
a.與其他名詞或代詞并列出現(xiàn)，表示"兩個(gè)都"。
Lucy and Lily both agree with us.
They both passed on their sticks at the same time.
How are your parents? They're both fine.
b.與"of +代詞(或名詞)"連用，表示"兩者都"。
Both of them came to see Mary.
Both of the books are very interesting.
c.單獨(dú)使用，表示"兩者(都)"。
Michael has two sons. Both are clever.
I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.
③both用作形容詞，放在名詞之前，修飾該名詞，表示"兩者都"。
Both his younger sisters are our classmates.
. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.
6. 相互代詞
表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫做相互代詞。相互代詞有each other 和one another兩種形 式。在當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)中，each other和one another沒(méi)有什么區(qū)別。相互代詞可在句中作賓語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，相互代詞用所有格形式。
We should learn from each other / one another. (作賓語(yǔ))
Do you often write to each other / one another? (作賓語(yǔ))
We often borrow each other's / one another's books. (作定語(yǔ))
The students corrected each other's / one another's mistakes in their homework.
(作定語(yǔ))
7. 疑問(wèn)代詞
疑問(wèn)代詞有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑問(wèn)代詞用于特殊疑
問(wèn)句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作為某一句子成分。例如：
Who is going to come here tomorrow? (作主語(yǔ))
What is that? (作表語(yǔ))
Whose umbrella is this? (作定語(yǔ))
Whom are you waiting for? (作賓語(yǔ))
8.關(guān)系代詞
關(guān)系代詞是一種引導(dǎo)從句并起連接主句和從句作用的代詞。關(guān)系代詞有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它們?cè)诰渲锌捎米髦髡Z(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ). 在主句中,它們還代表著從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞。例如：
I hate people who talk much but do little.
I'm looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.
With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies.
Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.
A. you B. me C. him D. her
2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
3. ---You want ________ sandwich?
---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I'm hungry.
A. other B. another C. others D. the other
4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _______.
A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs
5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?
---______________, thanks. I'd like a cup of tea.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.
---Never mind. You can have ________.
A. us B. ours C. you D. yours
7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?
---_______ is OK. I'm free today and tomorrow.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term?
---Work harder than last term.
A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself
9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for?
---Her cousin, Susan.
A. that B. whose C. who D. which
10. ---Is _______ here?
---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.
A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody
11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.
A. many B. some C. few D. more
12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you'll have to pay ______ $ 30.
A. more B. other C. the other D. another
13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?
---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America?
A. neither B. both C. none D. either
14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe?
---No. _______ of them can use a computer.
A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All
15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith?
A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that
16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. What's in her _____ hand?
A. another B. other C. one D. the other
17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______.
A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves
18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo?
---I'm afraid there's _______ bus to the zoo.
A. no B. any C. some D. none
19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _______.
A. me B. my C. mine D. myself
20. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______?
A. our; them B. us; they C. our; theirs D. ours; theirs
四.答案
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C
第12章 名詞
一.概念
名詞是表示人,事物,地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱的詞,有專有名詞和普通名詞之分,還有可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞之分.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
情況
構(gòu)成方法
讀音
例詞
一般情況
加 -s
清輔音后讀/s/
map-maps
濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/
bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾
加 -es
讀 /iz/
bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾
加 -s
讀 /iz/
license-licenses
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾
變y 為i再加es
讀 /z/
baby---babies
2.其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
1) 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2) 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
3) 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
3.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
1) child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans;Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。
2) 單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3)集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說(shuō) a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說(shuō)a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。
4) 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。
b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。
c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來(lái)的。
d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書(shū)名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書(shū)。
5) 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses (眼鏡) trousers, clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對(duì)，雙); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6) 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes(各種)魚(yú)。
4. 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示
1)物質(zhì)名詞
a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。
比較：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數(shù))
These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數(shù))
b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：
This factory produces steel. (不可數(shù))
We need various steels. (可數(shù))
c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。
Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。
2) 抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)。例如：
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化
物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一則建議。
5. 定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)
名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。
1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。例如：
sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室
talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語(yǔ)系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s保留。例如：
goods train (貨車(chē)) arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)
customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4) 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹(shù) a five-year plan. 一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃
6. 不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)
國(guó)籍
總稱(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
中國(guó)人
the Chinese
a Chinese
two Chinese
瑞士人
the Swiss
a Swiss
two Swiss
澳大利亞人
the Australians
an Australian
two Australians
俄國(guó)人
the Russians
a Russian
two Russians
意大利人
the Italians
an Italian
two Italians
希臘人
the Greek
a Greek
two Greeks
法國(guó)人
the French
a Frenchman
two Frenchmen
日本人
the Japanese
a Japanese
two Japanese
美國(guó)人
the Americans
an American
two Americans
印度人
the Indians
an Indian
two Indians
加拿大人
the Canadians
a Canadian
two Canadians
德國(guó)人
the Germans
a Germans
two Germans
英國(guó)人
the English
an Englishman
two Englishmen
瑞典人
the Swedish
a Swede
two Swedes
7. 名詞的格
英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加"'s"來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：
1) 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的書(shū)包，men's room 男廁所。
2) 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭(zhēng)。
3) 凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4) 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。
5) 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有";只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms(兩間) John and Mary's room(一間)
6) 復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)，'s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or two's absence
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
a. little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages
2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes
3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation
4.Paiting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil
5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn't ____ oil here.
a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many
6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.
a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense
7.The room was small and contained far too ______.
a.much new furniture c. much new furnitures
b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures
8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
a. rooms number b. room number c. room's numbers d. room numbers
9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
a great many...many c. much...a great deal
b.great deal of...much d. many...a great many
10.She didn't know _____ he had been given.
a. how many information c. how many informations
b. the number of information d. how much information
11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm
b. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm
12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors c. woman doctors
b. women doctor d. woman doctor
13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
a. growns-ups c. growns-up
b. grown-up d. grown-ups
14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
a. stander-by c. standers-by
b. stander-bys d. standers-bys
15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-war
b.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war
16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels
17.Mary's dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
a. elder sister b. elder sister's c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress
18.All the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher
b.mathematics teachers d. mathematic's teachers
19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
a. some property c. properties
b. some properties d. property
20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.
a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are
四.答案
DDCCACADCDCADBBBBCCB
第13章 數(shù)詞
一.概念:
數(shù)詞分兩類:基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞.表示數(shù)目的詞叫基數(shù)詞,表示須序的詞叫序數(shù)詞.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.基數(shù)詞
1)基數(shù)詞一般可寫(xiě)成如345或three hundred and forty-five。
2)基數(shù)詞一般是單數(shù)形式，但遇下列情況，常用復(fù)數(shù)：
a. 與of 短語(yǔ)連用，表示概數(shù)，不能與具體數(shù)目連用，如scores of people 指許多人;
b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一組"的詞組里。例如：
They arrived in twos and threes. 他們?nèi)齼蓛傻牡搅恕?/p>
c. 表示"幾十歲"。
d. 表示"年代"，用 in +the +數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)。
e. 在乘法運(yùn)算的一種表示法里，如Three fives is(are)fifteen。
2.序數(shù)詞
序數(shù)詞的縮寫(xiě)形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等。
3.數(shù)詞的用法
1)倍數(shù)表示法
a. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)(或分?jǐn)?shù))+ as + adj. + as。例如
I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+ the size (amount，length...) of...。例如：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。
c. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+ 形容詞(副詞)比較級(jí)+ than...。例如：
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年糧食產(chǎn)量增加8%。
d. 還可以用by+倍數(shù)，表示增加多少倍。例如：
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年糧食產(chǎn)量增加了4倍。
2)分?jǐn)?shù)表示法的構(gòu)成：基數(shù)詞代表分子，序數(shù)詞代表分母。分子大于1時(shí)，分子的序數(shù)詞用單數(shù)，分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
1/3 one-third; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1.______ martyrs have heroically laid down their lives for the people.
a. Thousand upon thousand of b. Thousand and thousands of
c. Thousands upon thousands of d. Thousand and thousand of
2.They received ______ of letters about their TV programs.
a. dozen b. dozen and dozen c score d. dozens
3.Who is that man,______ in the front row?
a. one b. the one c. first d. the first
4.We have produced ______ this year as we did in 1993.
a. as much cotton twice b. as twice much cotton
c. much as twice cotton d. twice as much cotton
5.The earth is about ______ as the moon.
a. as fifty time big b. fifty times as big c. as big fifty time d. fifty as times big
6.The population of many Alaskan cities has ______ in the past three years.
a. more than doubled b. more doubled than c. much than doubled d. much doubled than
7.The moon is about _____ in diameter as diameter as the earth.
a. one-three as large b. one three as large c. one-third as large d. one third as large
8.Five hundred yuan a month _____ enough to live on.
a. is b. are c. is being d. has been
9.______ of the buildings were ruined.
a. Three fourth b. Three four c. Three-fourths d. Three-four
10.Consult _____ for questions about earthquakes.
a. the six index b. index six c. sixth index d. index numbering six
四.答案
CDDDBACACB
第14章 冠詞
一.概念
冠詞是一個(gè)虛詞,它置于名詞之前,限定名詞的意義.冠詞可分為定冠詞,不定冠詞和零冠詞三類.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1. a用于輔音發(fā)音開(kāi)頭的詞前, 如：a book; an用于元音發(fā)音開(kāi)頭的詞前，如：an apple, an hour. 請(qǐng)區(qū)別：a useful machine, an umbrella, a "u", an "h"。
2.指上文提到過(guò)的人或物，用定冠詞the。
3.在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前用定冠詞the. 如：the sun, the moon, the earth。
4.the用于序數(shù)詞，表方位的名詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前。the first, the best , in the south。
5.在復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，�？闯蓮�(fù)數(shù)。如：the Browns。
6.在介詞短語(yǔ)中常用定冠詞the，如：in the box ,behind the chair。
7.不能用定冠詞the的幾個(gè)方面： (1)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如：in summer, in August 請(qǐng)區(qū)別：in the spring of 1945. (這里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐和球類運(yùn)動(dòng)名不用冠詞。如：have breakfast ,play football
(3)一些固定詞組中，如：go to bed ,go to school, by bus ,at night.
8.在有些詞組中，有冠詞和無(wú)冠詞意思不同，請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別：
in front of 在...前面, in the front of 在...范圍內(nèi)的前部
in hospital (生病)住院, in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里。
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1.When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have ______ bed.
a. the breakfast in b. the breakfast in the c. breakfast in d. breakfast in the
2.He has promised to give up ______ hundreds of times.
a. tobacco b. tobacco c. the tobacco d. tobaccos
3.______ usually go to church every Sunday.
a. The Brown b. A Brown c. Browns d. The Browns
4.The train is running fifty miles ______.
a. an hour b. one hour c. the hour d. a hour
5.He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good ______.
a.at the flute b. at flute c. at a flute d. at that flute
6.The investigators found that more should be done for ______ in India.
a.those poor b. a poor c. poor d. the poor
7.You look in high spirit. You must have ______ during your holiday.
a. wonderful time b. a wonderful time c. the wonderful time d. some wonderful time
8.The city assigned a policeman to the school crossing because ______ traffic there was so heavy.
a .a b. an c. the d. one
9.A new teacher was sent to the village in place of ______ one who had retired.
a. a b. the c. an d. its
10.Virtue and vice are before you;______ leads you to happiness,______ to misery.
a. the former...latter b. a former...a latter
c. the former...the latter d. former...latter
四.答案
CBDAADBCBC
第15章 介詞
一.概念:
介詞表示它后面的名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他結(jié)構(gòu)與句中其他成分的關(guān)系.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.表示地點(diǎn)位置的介詞
1)at ,in, on, to
at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示"在......附近，旁邊"
in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示"在...范圍之內(nèi)"。
on 表示毗鄰，接壤
to 表示在......范圍外，不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否接壤
He arrived at the station at ten.
He is sitting at the desk.
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
Jiangsu lies in the east of China.
Russia lies on the north of China.
Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province.
2)above, over, on 在......上
above 指在......上方,不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否垂直，與 below相對(duì);
over指垂直的上方,與under相對(duì),但over與物體有一定的空間，不直接接觸。
on表示某物體上面并與之接觸。
The bird is flying above my head.
There is a bridge over the river.
He put his watch on the desk.
3)below, under 在......下面
under表示在...正下方
below表示在......下，不一定在正下方
There is a cat under the table.
Please write your name below the line.
2.表示時(shí)間的介詞
1)in , on，at 在......時(shí)
in表示較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，如世紀(jì)、朝代、時(shí)代、年、季節(jié)、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。
如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in the night, in one's life , in one's thirties等。
on表示具體某一天及其早、中、晚。
如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year's Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。
at表示某一時(shí)刻或較短暫的時(shí)間，或泛指圣誕節(jié)，復(fù)活節(jié)等。
如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of ..., at the age of ..., at Christmas， at night, at noon, at this moment等。
注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等詞之前一律不用介詞。如：We meet every day.
2)in, after 在......之后
"in +段時(shí)間"表示將來(lái)的一段時(shí)間以后;
"after+段時(shí)間"表示過(guò)去的一段時(shí)間以后;
"after+將來(lái)點(diǎn)時(shí)間"表示將來(lái)的某一時(shí)刻以后。
My mother will come back in three or four days.
He arrived after five months.
She will appear after five o'clock this afternoon.
3)from, since 自從......
from僅說(shuō)明什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始，不說(shuō)明某動(dòng)作或情況持續(xù)多久;
since表示某動(dòng)作或情況持續(xù)至說(shuō)話時(shí)刻，通常與完成時(shí)連用。
He studied the piano from the age of three.
They have lived here since 1978.
4)after, behind 在......之后
after主要用于表示時(shí)間;
behind主要用于表示位置。
We shall leave after lunch.
Lucy is hiding behind an old house.
3.表運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的介詞：across, through 通過(guò)，穿過(guò)
across表示橫過(guò),即從物體表面通過(guò)，與on有關(guān);
through穿過(guò),即從物體內(nèi)部穿過(guò)，與in有關(guān)。
She swam across the river.
He walked through the forest.
4.表示"在......之間"的介詞：between, among
between指在兩個(gè)人或兩個(gè)事物之間;
among指在三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或事物之間。
There is a football match between Class One and Class Two on the playground.
The teacher is standing among the students.
5.表示其他意義的介詞
1)on ,about 關(guān)于
on 表示這本書(shū)，這篇文章或演說(shuō)是嚴(yán)肅的，或?qū)W術(shù)性的，可供專門(mén)研究這一問(wèn)題的人閱讀;
about表示內(nèi)容較為普通，不那么正式。
There will be a lecture on economics this afternoon.
He is writing a book on cooking.
He told me a lot about his life in the summer vocation.
2)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具
by 以......方法、手段或泛指某種交通工具;
with 表示用 ...工具、手段，一般接具體的工具和手段;
in 表示用...方式，用...語(yǔ)言(語(yǔ)調(diào)、筆墨、顏色)等;
He makes a living by selling newspapers.
He broke the window with a stone.
The foreigner spoke to us in English.
3)except, besides 除了
except 除......之外，不包括在內(nèi);
besides 除......之外，包括在內(nèi)。
Except Mr. Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生沒(méi)去)
Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了)
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1. Taiwan is ________ the southeast of China.(in, on, to)
2. Go _________ the bridge _________ the river, you'll find the shop.(across, through; over, above)
3. I go to school __________7:30 every morning.(in, on, at)
4. He would like to meet her __________8:00 and 9:00 tomorrow morning.(between, among )
5. The Greens have lived in China ________ three years.(in, for, after)
6. We go to school every day ________ Saturday and Sunday.(except, besides)
7. He wrote the letter _________ ink.(by, with ,in)
8. She returned to her country _________five years.(in, after, for)
9. There is a big tree _________ our classroom.(after, behind)
10. I usually go to work _________ bike.(by, on, with)
四.答案
1.in 2.across, over 3.at, 4.between 5.for 6.except 7.in 8.after 9.behind 10.by
第16章 連詞
一.概念
連詞是用來(lái)連接詞,短語(yǔ),從句或句子的詞.連詞不作成分.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.表示并列關(guān)系的連詞有：and, both...and..., not only... but also...和neither...nor...等
1)and：和，并且
A：基本用法：
"and"表示 "和"、"并且"的意思，用來(lái)連接對(duì)等關(guān)系的字和字，片語(yǔ)和片語(yǔ)，句子和句子。
I enjoy basketball , football and table tennis.
The weather becomes colder and colder.
B:特別用法：
祁使句后連接and，有條件句作用，此時(shí)and=if you...,you'll...
Go straight on, and you'll see the library.==If you go straight on, you will see the library.
2)both...and...既...也...,(兩者)都...
A、both...and...構(gòu)成的詞組作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
Both Jim and Kate are from England.
B、both...and...否定句表示部分否定。
You can't speak both German and English.
Both my father and my mother aren't doctors.
3)neither...nor...:既不...也不...
neither...nor...連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞靠近哪個(gè)主語(yǔ)就與哪個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持 "人稱"和 "數(shù)"的一致，即采取就近原則。
Neither I nor he has seen the play before.
4)not only...but also...:不但...而且...
not only...but also...連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也遵循就近原則。
Not only the mother but also the children are ill.
2.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞有：but, however, yet, still，while等。
Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming.
Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train.
He was very tired, still he kept on walking.
Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some
room for improvement.
Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite lazy.
3.表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞有：or, either...or...,whether... or...等。
1)or：或、否則
A:基本用法
or 表示 "或" 的意思，使用于兩者之中選擇一個(gè)的時(shí)候。
----Is your friend English or American? ----American.
He doesn't like dumplings or noodles.
B:特別用法
祁使句后連接or ，表 "如果...,否則...",有轉(zhuǎn)折的意思，此時(shí) or =if you don't ...,you'll ...
Hurry up, or you'll be late.=If you don't hurry up, you'll be late.
2)either...or...:或者...或者...; 不是...就是...;要么...要么...
A. either...or...連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞靠近哪個(gè)主語(yǔ)就與哪個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持 "人稱"和 "數(shù)"的一致，即就近原則。
Either you or I am right.
Does either she or they like English?
B. 由either...or...引導(dǎo)的否定句是完全否定。
She isn't either a student or a teacher.
3)whether...or...不管...還是...
She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school.
4.表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有：for(因?yàn)?，so(所以)。
He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold.
It was late, so I went home.
5.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon as等。
After they had planted their crops, they took a rest.
We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us.
As soon as he gets to Beijing, he'll call me.
1) when, while, as 都表示"當(dāng)......時(shí)"，when從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞既可以是瞬間動(dòng)詞也可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，可用于主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生。while從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，側(cè)重主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，多用于主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，強(qiáng)調(diào)"一邊......一邊"。
When I came in, my father was cooking.
I came in when/while my father was cooking.
He sang as he walked.
2)until用法：當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主從句都用肯定式，譯為"直到......為止";當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主句用否定式，從句用肯定式，即not.....until, 譯為"直到......才"。
Mr. Green waited until his children came back.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子們回來(lái))
Mr. Green didn't go to bed until his children came back. (格林先生直到他的孩子們回來(lái)才睡覺(jué))
6. 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：if(如果), unless(除非，如果......不)等。
If you don't go soon, you'll be late.=Unless you go soon, you'll be late.
7.引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有 because, as, since等。
because"因?yàn)?quot;語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng),回答why提問(wèn)時(shí)只能用because，其引導(dǎo)的從句可放在句首或句末;as"由于"、since"既然"語(yǔ)氣不如because強(qiáng)，引導(dǎo)的從句常置于句首;for是并列連詞，語(yǔ)氣最弱，對(duì)前面分句加以解釋或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，其引導(dǎo)的分句常置于句末且用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。
He didn't go to school because he was ill.
As it was raining, we went there by bus.
Since everybody is here, let's begin.
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
注意： because與 so不能同時(shí)使用。
8.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：although/though(雖然，盡管), even though/if (即使)
Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich.
Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldn't help him.
注意：although/though 引導(dǎo)的從句不能與but連用，但可與yet, still連用。
9.引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有so that和in order that(以便，為了)等。
The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly.
10.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：so that(結(jié)果是)和so/such...that...(如此...以至于)等。
It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze.
He got there so early that he got a good seat.
It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.
11.引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有： as...as...(與......一樣),not as/so... as...(不及，趕不上),和than(比)等。
I know you better than she does.
He works as carefully as she.
I can't run as/so fast as you.
12.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞有：that和 if/whether(是否)等。
We know that the earth goes around the sun.(賓語(yǔ)從句)
I wonder if he has received my e-mail. (賓語(yǔ)從句)
Whether he'll go there hasn't been decided.(主語(yǔ)從句)
注意：在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句是將來(lái)時(shí)，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
I'll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.
He won't come unless he is invited.
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1、I don't like reading watching TV. What about you? "I don't like reading all day, I like watching TV plays."
A.and, but B.and, and C.or, and D.or, but
2、You won't know the value(價(jià)值) of the health you lose it.
A.until B.after C.when D.because
3、We bought Granny a present, she didn't like it.
A.but B.and C.or D.so
4、Study hard, you will pass the exam.
A.so B.for C.but D.and
5、Put on more clothes, you'll catch cold.
A.and B.for C.or D.but
6、My shoes are worn out, I need new ones.
A.so B.if C.because D.and
7、He ran fast he won the race.
A.enough ...to B.so ...that C.too...to D.both...and
8、He is only ten months. He can read write.
A.either...or B.neither...nor
C.both...and D.so...that
9、She said she might come Saturday Sunday .
A.neither...nor B.nither...or
C.too...to D.so...that
10、If Tom Mike asks for their car, tell him to come tomorrow.
A.or B.and C.with D.but
11、It was already ten o'clock we got to the museum this morning.
A.that B.when
C.if D.for
12、It's a long time we met last.
A.so B.after C.since D.before
13、That maths problem is difficult nobody can do it.
A.too...to B.very...that
C.so...that D.very ...but
14、I'll give her the message she comes back.
A.since B.before
C.until D.as soon as
15、 the teacher came into the classroom, many students were talking to each other.
A.While B.If
C.Since D.When
16、People often mistake us for each other we are twins.
A.if B.when
C.because D.after
17、Could you tell me in your home town in winter?
A.if it often snowed B.whether does it often snow
C.if it often snow D.whether it often snows
18、Are you sure Mr. Li will come to your birthday party?
A.if B.that C.for D.when
19、 Lily Lucy like singing.
A.Either...or B.Beither...nor ...
C.Both...and D.So...that
20、Read the sentences slowly we can understand what you read.
A.so that B.before C.until D.because
四.答案
1、D 2、A 3、A 4、D 5、C 6、A 7、B 8、B 9、B 10、A 11、B 12、C 13、C 14、D 15、D 16、C 17、D 18、B 19、C 20、A
第17章 構(gòu)詞法
一.概念
英語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法,轉(zhuǎn)化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和詞首字母縮略法.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.轉(zhuǎn)化法
英語(yǔ)中，有的名詞可作動(dòng)詞，有的形容詞可作副詞或動(dòng)詞，這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法。
1)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
很多動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，大多意思沒(méi)有多大的變化(如下①);有時(shí)意思有一定變化(如下②);有的與一個(gè)動(dòng)詞和不定冠詞構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作(如下③)。例如：
①Let's go out for a walk.我們到外面去散散步吧。
②He is a man of strong build.他是一個(gè)體格健壯的漢子。
③Let's have a swim.咱們游泳吧。
2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
很多表示物件(如下①)、身體部位(如下②)、某類人(如下③)的名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示動(dòng)作，某些抽象名詞(如下④)也可作動(dòng)詞。例如：
①Did you book a seat on the plane?你訂好飛機(jī)座位了嗎?
②Please hand me the book.請(qǐng)把那本書(shū)遞給我。
③She nursed her husband back to health.她看護(hù)丈夫，使他恢復(fù)了健康。
④We lunched together.我們?cè)谝黄鸪粤宋绮汀?/p>
3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
有少數(shù)形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。例如：
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。
4)副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
有少數(shù)副詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。例如：
Murder will out.(諺語(yǔ))惡事終必將敗露。
5)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
表示顏色的形容詞常可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞(如下①);某些形容詞如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等與the連用，表示一類人，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)(如下②)。例如：
You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬禮中該穿黑色衣服。
The old in our village are living a happy life.我們村的老年人過(guò)著幸福的生活。
2.派生法
在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫作派生法。
1)前綴
除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，不改變?cè)~性;后綴一般改變?cè)~類，而不引起詞義的變化。
(1)表示否定意義的前綴常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在單詞的前面加這類前綴常構(gòu)成與該詞意義相反的新詞。例如：
appear出現(xiàn)→disappear消失
correct正確的→incorrect不正確的
lead帶領(lǐng)→mislead領(lǐng)錯(cuò)
stop停下→non-stop不停
(2)表示其他意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構(gòu)成表語(yǔ)形容詞), anti- (反對(duì);抵抗), auto- (自動(dòng)), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (強(qiáng)調(diào)距離)等。例如：
alone單獨(dú)的antigas防毒氣的
autochart自動(dòng)圖表
cooperate合作enjoy使高興
internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng)reuse再用
subway地鐵telephone電話
2)后綴
英語(yǔ)單詞不僅可以通過(guò)加前綴構(gòu)成新詞，也可加后綴構(gòu)成新詞。后綴通常會(huì)改變單詞的詞性，構(gòu)成意義相近的其他詞性;少數(shù)后綴還會(huì)改變?cè)~義，變?yōu)榕c原來(lái)詞義相反的新詞。
(1)構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (從事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一......)，-ian (精通......的人)，-ist (專業(yè)人員)，-ment (性質(zhì);狀態(tài))，-ness (性質(zhì);狀態(tài))，-tion(動(dòng)作;過(guò)程)等。例如：
differ不同于→difference區(qū)別
write寫(xiě)→writer作家
Japan日本→Japanese日本人
act表演→actress女演員
mouth口→mouthful一口
music音樂(lè)→musician音樂(lè)家
(2)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容詞之后)，-fy (使......化)，-ize (使......成為)。例如：
wide→widen加寬
beauty→beautify美化
pure→purify提純
real→realize意識(shí)到
organ→organize組織
(3)構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al，
-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某國(guó)人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名詞后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某國(guó)人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像......的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天氣)等。例如：
nature自然→natural自然的
reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美國(guó)→American美國(guó)的
China中國(guó)→Chinese中國(guó)人的
gold金子→golden金的
east東→eastern東方的
child孩子→childish孩子氣的
snow雪→snowy雪的
(4)構(gòu)成副詞的常用后綴有-ly (主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。例如：
angry生氣的→angrily生氣地
to到→towards朝......，向......
east東方→eastward向東
(5)構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen (十幾)，-ty (幾十)，-th (構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞)。例如：
six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六
four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
3.合成法
1)合成名詞
構(gòu)成方式例詞
名詞+名詞weekend周末
名詞+動(dòng)詞daybreak黎明
名詞+動(dòng)名詞handwriting書(shū)法
名詞+及物動(dòng)詞+er/or pain-killer止痛藥
名詞+介詞+名詞editor-in-chief總編輯
代詞+名詞she-wolf母狼
動(dòng)詞+名詞typewriter打字機(jī)
動(dòng)名詞+名詞reading-room閱覽室
現(xiàn)在分詞+名詞flying-fish飛魚(yú)
形容詞+名詞gentleman紳士
副詞+動(dòng)詞outbreak爆發(fā)
介詞+名詞afternoon下午
2)合成形容詞
名詞+形容詞snow-white雪白的
名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞English-speaking講英語(yǔ)的
名詞+to+名詞face-to-face面對(duì)面的
名詞+過(guò)去分詞man-made人造的
數(shù)詞+名詞one-way單行的
數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞two-year-old兩歲的
數(shù)詞+名詞+ed five-storeyed五層的
動(dòng)詞+副詞see-through透明的
形容詞+名詞high-class高級(jí)的
形容詞+名詞+ed noble-minded高尚的
形容詞+形容詞light-blue淺藍(lán)色的
形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking相貌好看的
副詞+形容詞ever-green常青的
副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working勤勞的
副詞+過(guò)去分詞well-known著名的
副詞+名詞fast-food專門(mén)提供快餐服務(wù)的
介詞+名詞downhill下坡的
3)合成動(dòng)詞
名詞+動(dòng)詞sleep-walk夢(mèng)游
形容詞+動(dòng)詞white-wash粉刷
副詞+動(dòng)詞overthrow推翻
4)合成副詞
形容詞+名詞hotfoot匆忙地
形容詞+副詞everywhere到處
副詞+副詞however盡管如此
介詞+名詞beforehand事先
介詞+副詞forever永遠(yuǎn)
5)合成代詞
代詞賓格+self herself她自己
物主代詞+self myself我自己
形容詞+名詞anything任何東西
6)合成介詞
副詞+名詞inside在......里面
介詞+副詞within在......之內(nèi)
副詞+介詞into進(jìn)入
4.截短法(縮略法)
截短法，即將單詞縮寫(xiě)，詞義和詞性保持不變，主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。
1)截頭
telephone→phone
aeroplane→plane
omnibus→bus
2)去尾
mathematics→maths
co-operate→co-op
examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
3)截頭去尾
influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge
prescription→script
5.混合法(混成法)
混合法，即將兩個(gè)詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個(gè)新詞。后半部分表示主體;前半部分表示屬性。
news broadcast→newscast新聞廣播
television broadcast→telecast電視播送
smoke and fog→smog煙霧
helicopter airport→heliport直升飛機(jī)場(chǎng)
6.首尾字母縮略法
首尾字母縮略法，即用單詞首尾字母組成一個(gè)新詞。讀音主要有兩種形式，即各字母分別讀音;作為一個(gè)單詞讀音。
very important person→VIP (讀字母音)要人;大人物
television→TV (讀字母音)電視
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
Nato
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A.care B.careful
C.careless D.carelessness
2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A.die B.dead
C.died D.death
3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A.sadly B.sadness
C.sadly D.sad
4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.
A.chemistry B.chemical
C.chemist D.physician
5.The three- ________chair isn't suitable for a young child.He may fall off.
A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged
6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A.lead B.leader
C.leading D.leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A.proud B.proudly
C.pride D.pridely
8.To everyone's ________，the girl finished the job quite well.
A.satisfied B.satisfactory
C.satisfying D.satisfaction
9.-What are you doing here?
-Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.
-You can write________passage in English?
A.600 words;a 600-words
B.600-word;a 600-words
C.600 words;a 600-word
D.600 words;a 600-words
10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
A.permit B.permission
C.permitting D.permittence
11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A.headquarters B.headline
C.headmaster D.headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident;you did it ________.
A.intend B.intention
C.intentionally D.intentional
13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.
A.practice B.practise
C.practical D.practiced
14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A.judger B.judgment
C.judge D.judgement
15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War?
A.lately B.latest
C.later D.latter
16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A.longer B.length
C.long D.longing
17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.
A.joy B.joyful
C.joyless D.joyness
18.Canada is mainly an________country.
A.English-speaking B.speak-English
C.spoken-English D.English-spoken
19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.
A.foolish;foolishly;fool
B.fool;foolish;fool
C.foolish;fool;fool
D.foolishly;foolish;fool
20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It's of great ________.
A.valuable B.value
C.valueless D.unvaluable
21.There were________fish in the river in South America.
A.in danger B.danger
C.dangerous D.dangerless
22.The letter "b" in the word "doubt" is________.
A.sound B.silent
C.silence D.sounded
23.The child looked at me________.
A.stranger B.strangely
C.strange D.strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.
A.free B.freely
C.freedom D.frees
25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A.reasonable B.reasonful
C.reasonless D.unreason
26.We have to learn________technology from other countries.
A.advance B.advancing
C.advantage D.advanced
27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.
A.nearby B.near
C.nearly D.near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an________in the government.You can not easily find him in his________.
A.official;officer;office
B.officer;office;official
C.official;official;official
D.officer;official;office
29.You'd better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A.health B.healthy
C.healthily D.healthier
30.________ speaking，I didn't do it on purpose.
A.Honestly B.Honest
C.Honesty D.Dishonest
四.答案
1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB
21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DADBA
知秋研習(xí)社英語(yǔ)(高中)資料 輔導(dǎo)老師：包巧林
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