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      很多學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)閱讀很頭痛，總認(rèn)為自己有閱讀障礙癥，說閱讀的文章貌似看懂了，但做題目卻做不對(duì)；還有些學(xué)生說文章很凌亂，生詞多，不知道作者在說什么，一頭霧水。這些學(xué)生可能其他方面很優(yōu)秀，比如說語(yǔ)法很精通，筆頭翻譯也比較干凈等，但閱讀成了他們心中的痛。
      我在學(xué)生時(shí)代也有這樣的困惑，即便到了大學(xué)，表達(dá)很流利，但閱讀仍然是我的弱項(xiàng)。每每上泛讀課時(shí)，老師發(fā)給我的閱讀試卷我的正確率只有75%左右。作了老師之后，因?yàn)橐獛椭鷮W(xué)生分析閱讀，所以我在閱讀上會(huì)花很多時(shí)間。一篇文章要看至少三四遍，才敢自信地走上講臺(tái)跟學(xué)生娓娓道來文章的主旨、結(jié)構(gòu)、寫作目的以及核心細(xì)節(jié)。慢慢地，我的閱讀障礙消除了，做閱讀的速度加快了，對(duì)于選擇的正確性有了自信。所以，我覺得，做老師的不必過分苛責(zé)學(xué)生閱讀能力差，閱讀的提高需要時(shí)間。學(xué)生和老師不同，不可能花那么多時(shí)間研究英語(yǔ)閱讀。
      不過，今天我還是要作為一個(gè)克服障礙的learner在這里，跟大家交流一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小的心得和學(xué)習(xí)方法。
      首先，要養(yǎng)成理清文章脈絡(luò)的習(xí)慣。在閱讀時(shí)，要用比劃出每一段當(dāng)中的主題句、（一般出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾）核心句（比如轉(zhuǎn)折部分的句子，過渡句）和出現(xiàn)頻率較高的詞。這些字句連在一起可能會(huì)幫你對(duì)文章的理解有個(gè)整體的把握。其次，要注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)如破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)的用法，往往他們是對(duì)核心概念的界定和解釋說明。第三，先看問題可能會(huì)幫助你理解文章，讓你了解這篇文章到底要你掌握哪些核心內(nèi)容。
      1．事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的設(shè)問特點(diǎn)
      （1）常以 when，where，what，which，who，how much/many 等詞提問。
      （2）以是非 true/false，not true/false 等詞提問。
      2．正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
      正確選項(xiàng)一般都會(huì)在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。常用方法就是同義詞替換或釋義，即把文中語(yǔ)言（詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)）改頭換面，來表達(dá)相同的意思。
      [例] "Poor but honest.” "The deserving （值得幫助的） poor.” These words always come to my mind when I think of "the poor.” But I also think of people who， perhaps through alcohol （酒） or drugs， have ruined not only their own lives but also the lives of others in order to give way to their own pleasure. Perhaps alcoholism and drug addiction （上癮） really are "diseases，” as many people say， but my own feeling-based， of course， not on any serious study-is that most alcoholics and drug addicts belong to the "undeserving poor.” And that is largely why I don’t give spare change to beggars.
      64. What does the author think of beggars who take drugs？
      A. They should be given a check-up.
      B. They really need money to live.
      C. They have no pleasure in life.
      D. They are not worth helping.
      此題答案是D.命題人在這里用 They are not worth helping 來替換了文中的 undeserving poor，表達(dá)了相同的意思。
      3．干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
      （1）無中生有：憑空捏造原文不存在的細(xì)節(jié)，以迷惑和干擾答題。
      [例] Many years ago，when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver，I was driving to my parents’ home in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station（加油站）about 50 miles from Oklahoma City，where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register（收款臺(tái)）I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas. I took off，but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I should do. A car pulled up behind me. It was the couple I had spoken to at the gas station. They said they would take me to my friend’s. We chatted on the way into the city，and when I got out of the car，the husband gave me his business card.
      62. What happened when the author found smoke coming out of his car？
      A. He had it pulled back to the gas station.
      B. The couple sent him a business card.
      C. The couple offered to help him.
      D. He called his friend for help.
      根據(jù)文中意思，此題答案是C.選項(xiàng)A、D都是憑空捏造原文不存在的細(xì)節(jié)，作為干擾項(xiàng)，雖然有B這一細(xì)節(jié)，但是這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間與題干不符，動(dòng)詞sent 用得也不對(duì)。
      （2）常識(shí)干擾：干擾項(xiàng)是一些基本常識(shí)和我們對(duì)社會(huì)、生活等方面一些問題的一般看法和認(rèn)識(shí)，雖然符合客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)，但并非文章所提及的。
      [例] Budgets are not complex， but sticking to them can be tough. When planning your budget be realistic about your expenses. If you know that you drop $18 at a movie， don’t write $12 in that space simply because you wish you were spending less. If you are eyeing a big purchase， such as a $150 skateboard， spend less and save more until you have the total amount. No matter how attractive it may be， avoid spending your savings. One day， you will thank yourself！
      58. what should people do when planning a budget？
      A. fill in the expenses as they really are.
      B. avoid spending money on expensive things.
      C. set aside a fixed amount of money as savings.
      D. list income and expenses on two pieces of paper.
      根據(jù)文中意思，此題答案是A.但是選項(xiàng)B、C都看似符合常識(shí)??要做好花銷預(yù)算，盡量避免買太貴的東西；每月固定留出一筆錢存上。這些選項(xiàng)的說法符合我們的一般認(rèn)識(shí)。如果考生此時(shí)粗心，就容易使得干擾項(xiàng)想入為主，而忽略了要從原文驗(yàn)證，從而導(dǎo)致了錯(cuò)誤的判斷。
      （3）偷梁換柱：這是細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項(xiàng)最常見的方法。干擾項(xiàng)利用了原文的一部分結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，但在一些位置換掉個(gè)別詞，造成了語(yǔ)義的變化。
      [例]Cara Lang is 13. She lives in Boston， Massachusetts， U. S. Last Thursday， she didn‘t go to school. She went to work with her father instead. Every year，on the fourth Thursday in April， millions of young girls go work. This is Take Our Daughters to Work Day. The girls are between the ages of 9 and 15. They spend the day at work with an adult， usually a mother， father， aunt， or uncle. They go to offices， police stations， laboratories， and other places where their parents or other family members work. Next year， the day will include sons， too.
      66. According to the passage， Take our Daughters to work Day is ______.
      A. on every Thursday in April
      B. a holiday for girls of all ages
      C. a day for girls to know about jobs
      D. a day for girls to get a job easily
      此題答案為C.但考生極容易錯(cuò)選A，原因是考生沒有看到該選項(xiàng)已經(jīng)把the fourth Thursday in April換成了every Thursday in April.因此，要特別留意選項(xiàng)各個(gè)句子成分是否與原文表述的意義一致，包括地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、方式、程度、性質(zhì)等。
      4．解題思路
      （1）返回原文，每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)都應(yīng)力爭(zhēng)返回原文，不能通過印象進(jìn)行判斷。
      首先要找出文中哪一部分與其相關(guān)，同時(shí)要在文中找出一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)句子、甚至是一組句子來直接或間接證實(shí)自己的選擇。切不可用于文章無關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)來作為證據(jù)。
      （2）對(duì)于比較直接的細(xì)節(jié)題，有時(shí)不必通篇細(xì)看原文，只需采取“帶著問題找答案”的方法，先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ)，然后以此為線索，要快速地辨認(rèn)和記憶事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。
      特別提示：細(xì)節(jié)題中，選項(xiàng)在意思上與原文相同的，才是正確的，而不一定是與原文一字不差的。

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